Ground Water Management in Alluvial Areas

Alluvial formations are important sources of abundant and dependable ground water supplies. Because of large saturated thickness and high well yields, these formations have been extensively exploited for large-scale supplies of water for industrial, irrigation and urban use. Intensive use of ground water from these formations has led to several problems. Such is the case in Punjab also. Despite the fact that Punjab occupies only 1.57% geographical area of India, it contributes more than 50 % grain in the central grain pool. More than 83% of land in Punjab is under agriculture as compared to 40.38% of national average. The cropping pattern of wheat and paddy rotation has led to manifold increase in irrigation water demand. Injudicious surface water irrigation policies, indiscriminate / excessive ground water pumpage due to free electricity coupled with irrational irrigation and agricultural practices have led to situation wherein fresh ground water resources of the state have depleted at an alarming rate in most parts of the state. On the other hand, the south-western parts of Punjab are facing severe water logging problems. Thus the state has to have a twin pronged strategy to manage its ground water resources – 1) to arrest the declining trend of ground water and 2) to combat water logging. Punjab is occupied by Quaternary alluvial deposits of Indus river basin. In major part of the state, ground water levels are in the range of 10 to 20 meters. However around major cities like Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Patiala, Amritsar and Sangrur, water levels are 20 to 40 meters deep. The long-term water level fluctuation data indicates that water levels in major parts of the state have declined drastically. As per the ground water assessment carried out, net dynamic ground water resources of Punjab State are 21.443 MCM (Million Cubic meters), whereas net draft is 31.162 MCM, leading to ground water deficit of 9.719 MCM. The stage of ground water development for the State as a whole is 145% and the State falls under “over- exploited†Category. Apart from several water management strategies, like better irrigation and on-farm management practices, change in cropping pattern, banning early plantation of paddy etc., the main emphasis in this paper has been laid on the utilization of non-committed surplus monsoon rainfall runoff. As per the Master Plan for artificial recharge to ground water prepared for Punjab state, about 1200 MCM of water is available from surplus monsoon runoff. By adopting rain water harvesting and artificial recharge to ground water by utilizing this water, the negative impact on the ground water regime can be checked, to quite an extent. Central Ground Water Board has taken up several pilot demonstrative artificial recharge projects in Punjab that can be replicated in other parts of the state too. Some of these projects have also been discussed in this paper

A Review on Attribute Based Image Search Reranking

Image search reranking is one of the effective approach to refine the text-based image search result. Text-based image retrieval suffers from essential problems that are lead to the incapability of the associated text to appropriately evoke the image content. In this paper, reranking methods are put forward to address this drawback in scalable fashion. Based on the classifiers for each and every predefined attributes,each and every  image is represented by an attribute feature consisting of the responses from these classifiers. This hypergraph can be used to model the relationship between images by integration of low-level visual features and attribute features. Hypergraph ranking is then performed to order the images. Its basic principle is that visually close images should have identical ranking scores. It improves the performance over the text-based image search engin

Effect on strength of Involute spur gear tooth by considering Uncertainties in Geometry and Material propertiesby using Finite Element Methods-A Review

Gearing is the special division of Mechanical Engineering concerned with the transmission of power and motion between the rotating shafts. Gears not only transmit motion and enormous power satisfactorily, but can do so with very uniform motion. It is the best and the economical means of achieving this transmission. Gear teeth fail due to the static and the dynamic loads acting over it. This paper presents study of effect of various parameters on beam strength of involute spur gear tooth. The effect on strength of involute spur gear tooth is studied by considering uncertainties in geometric parameters like fillet radius, face width etc. Also the uncertainties in material properties which affect strength of involute spur gear tooth are studied

Information Technology Act 2000 in India - Authentication of E-Documents

The Information Technology Act 2000 has enacted in India on 9th June 2000. This Act has mentioned provision of authentication of electronic document. It is the need of hour at that time that such provision is needed in the Indian Law system, especially for electronic commerce and electronic governance. Electronic commerce”, which involve the use of alternatives to paper based methods of communication and storage information. To do electronic commerce there should be authentication of particular document. The working of internet is the documents are traveling in terms of bits from one destination to other destination, through various media like – Co-axial cable, fiber optic, satellite etc. While traveling this document there is probability of making changes in that document by any third party is high or some document may get changed due to noise/disturbance in communication media. This Act required to provide legal recognition carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication

Thermal stresses in functionally graded hollow sphere due to non-uniform internal heat generation

In this article, the thermal stresses in a hollow thick sphere of functionally graded material subjected to non-uniform internal heat generation are obtained as a function of radius to an exact solution by using the theory of elasticity. Material properties and heat generation are assumed as a function of radius of sphere and Poisson’s ratio as constant. The distribution of thermal stresses for different values of the powers of the module of elasticity and varying power law index of heat generation is studied. The results are illustrated numerically and graphically

ZnO nanocrystalline thin films: a correlation of microstructural, optoelectronic properties

The compositional, structural, microstructural, dc electrical conductivity and optical properties of undoped zinc oxide films prepared by the sol-gel process using a spin-coating technique were investigated. The ZnO films were obtained by 5 cycle spin-coated and dried zinc oxide films followed by annealing in air at 600 ° C. The films deposited on the platinum coated silicon substrate were crystallized in a hexagonal wurtzite form. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry shows Zn and O elements in the products with an approximate molar ratio. TEM image of ZnO thin film shows that a grain of about 60-80 nm in size is really an aggregate of many small crystallites of around 10-20 nm. Electron diffraction pattern shows that the ZnO films exhibited hexagonal structure. The SEM micrograph showed that the films consist in nanocrystalline grains randomly distributed with voids in different regions. The dc conductivity found in the range of 10-5-10-6 (Ω cm)-1. The optical study showed that the spectra for all samples give the transparency in the visible range

Intrauterine contraceptive device migration to the urinary bladder

Intravesical migration represent as uncommon complication of intrauterine device insertion. We present a case of an IUD that migrated to the urinary bladder and impacted in urinary bladder wall, causing significant urinary symptoms. A 44 years old woman presented with menorrhagia, lower abdominal pain and urinary symptoms since past 1 year. She reported an IUD insertion 10 years back. Imaging detected the presence of IUD in the urinary bladder wall with large fibroid in uterus. Under anaesthesia, total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salphingoophorectomy is performed and IUD was removed out of the bladder without any complications. In her follow-up evaluation after 2 week, she had no urinary symptoms. A regular follow-up of IUD for visible thread would help in earlier detection of misplaced IUD and prevent the complications such as intravesical migration