I requisiti di qualità ambientale nel progetto urbano

A partire dall’inizio degli anni Novanta si è manifestata un’attenzione crescente da parte della pianificazione urbanistica verso le problematiche dello sviluppo sostenibile e più in generale verso le problematiche ambientali ed ecologiche. I nuovi obiettivi della pianificazione sono il perseguimento della qualità nelle trasformazioni dello spazio fisico e dell’ambiente e la convergenza, attraverso la messa in atto di molteplici strategie d’azione pubbliche e private, tra le attese dei cittadini e degli attori economici e le politiche delle istituzioni pubbliche verso un progetto comune di futuro della città in termini di qualità urbana. Nel passato gli obiettivi delle amministrazioni locali si sono limitati al controllo delle quantità volumetriche e dell’applicazione quantitativa degli standard, senza alcuna attenzione ai problemi di contesto, di conservazione delle identità locali, e alle implicazioni che il progetto poteva avere alle varie scale e ai suoi effetti sull’ambiente. Ci si trova quindi di fronte ad un rinnovato bisogno di qualità della configurazione spaziale dei luoghi in cui si svolge la vita dell’uomo; una qualità che passi attraverso meccanismi capaci di garantire il controllo degli esiti finali in tutti quei processi decisionali che inducono modificazioni dello spazio territoriale e urbano. Il fine della ricerca è la definizione di tecniche che aiutino le amministrazioni locali a governare modi e tempi delle trasformazioni in corso e a indirizzare queste ultime verso il perseguimento degli obiettivi di qualità urbana, di sostenibilità paesistico-ambientale e di coesione sociale, attraverso l’attivazione di politiche di intervento basate sulla cooperazione tra gli attori e sulla visione partecipata dei processi di uso e trasformazione del territorio. L’applicazione delle norme tecniche ISO 9000, in merito ai sistemi di gestione della qualità, ha assunto un rilevante peso non soltanto nella gestione di imprese ed aziende operanti nei settori industriale e manifatturiero, ma in forma estensiva si vanno oggi sperimentando applicazioni alla gestione dei beni culturali e, più in generale, alla qualità del progetto ambientale. In quest’ottica l’obiettivo della la tesi è la definizione di protocolli e linee guida per il progetto urbanistico che consentano di passare da una conoscenza approfondita del contesto alla progettazione di un protocollo di verifica della qualità nel progetto urbano, attraverso la definizione di un indice di qualità e la verifica di standard qualitativi specifici mediante l’uso di check list di indagine orientate ad una lettura attenta delle problematiche del territorio, e la applicazione sperimentale del protocollo di verifica a due ambiti differenti del contesto cagliaritano, centro storico e periferia, al fine di fornire un contributo concreto in termini di tecniche di aiuto alla decisione, anche tramite l’utilizzo e la sperimentazione di supporti e procedure informatiche per la comunicazione online, orientati alla gestione della conoscenza e alla condivisione di informazioni, metodi di analisi e metodologie di gestione dei dati che, coinvolgendo le amministrazioni locali, i cittadini e le imprese, siano in grado di supportare azioni di recupero e riqualificazione conformi a prescrizioni e procedure di qualità

Extreme precipitation events over northern Italy. Part I: A systematic classification with machine‐learning techniques

Extreme precipitation events (EPEs) are meteorological phenomena of major concern for society. They can have different characteristics depending on the physical mechanisms responsible for their generation, which in turn depend on the large and mesoscale conditions. This work provides a systematic classification of EPEs over northern–central Italy, one of the regions in Europe with the highest frequency of these events. The EPE statistics have been deduced using the new high‐resolution precipitation dataset ArCIS (Climatological Archive for Central–Northern Italy), that gathers together a very high number of daily, quality‐controlled and homogenized observations from different networks of 11 Italian regions. Gridded precipitation is aggregated over Italian operational warning‐area units (WA). EPEs are defined as events in which daily average precipitation in at least one of the 94 WAs exceeds the 99th percentile with respect to the climate reference 1979–2015. A list of 887 events is compiled, significantly enlarging the database compared to any previous study of EPEs. EPEs are separated into three different dynamical classes: Cat1, events mainly attributable to frontal/orographic uplift; Cat2, events due to frontal uplift with (equilibrium) deep convection embedded; Cat3, events mainly generated by non‐equilibrium deep convection. A preliminary version of this classification is based on fixed thresholds of environmental parameters, but the final version is obtained using a more robust machine‐learning unsupervised K‐means clustering and random forest algorithm. All events are characterized by anomalously high integrated water vapour transport (IVT). This confirms IVT as an important large‐scale predictor, especially for Cat2 events, which is shown to be the most important category in terms of impacts and EPE area extension. Large IVT values are caused by upper‐level waves associated with remotely triggered Rossby wave packets, as shown for two example Cat2 events

Impacts of climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 on future projected reference evapotranspiration in Emilia-Romagna (Italy)

The continuous increase of atmospheric CO2 content mainly due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions is causing a rise in temperature on earth, altering the hydrological and meteorological processes and affecting crop physiology. Evapotranspiration is an important component of the hydrological cycle. Thus, understanding the change in evapotranspiration due to global warming is essential for better water resources planning and management and agricultural production. In this study, the effect of climate change with a focus on the combined effect of temperature and elevated CO2 concentrations on reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was evaluated using the Penman–Monteith equation. A EURO-CORDEX regional climate model (RCM) ensemble was used to estimate ETo in five locations in the Emilia-Romagna region (Northern Italy) during the period 2021–2050. Then, its projected changes in response to different CO2 concentrations (i.e., 372 ppm and 550 ppm) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios (i.e., RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) were analyzed. Simulation results with both scenarios, without increasing CO2 levels (372 ppm), showed that the annual and summertime ETo for all locations increased by an average of 4 to 5.4% with regard to the reference period 1981–2005, for an increase of air temperature by 1 to 1.5 °C. When the effect of elevated CO2 levels (550 ppm) was also considered in combination with projected changes in temperature, changes in both annual and summer ETo demand for all locations varied from − 1.1 to 2.2% during the 2021–2050 period with regard to the reference period 1981–2005. This shows that higher CO2 levels moderated the increase in ETo that accompanies an increase in air temperature

Real world data in the era of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs): Increasing evidence and future applications in lung cancer.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed death 1 (PD-1) and PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) quickly subverted the standard of treatment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), where they were first introduced in all comers previously treated advanced/metastatic NSCLC patients and subsequently in the first line of PD-L1 selected cases of metastatic and locally advanced disease. Treatment algorithm is an evolving landscape, where the introduction of front-line ICIs, with or without chemotherapy, unavoidably influences the following treatment lines. In this context, medical oncologists are currently facing many unclear issues, which have been not clarified so far by available data. Effectiveness and safety in special populations underrepresented in clinical trials - such as elderly, poor PS, hepatitis or human immunodeficiency virus-affected patients - are only a part of the unexplored side of ICIs in the real world. Indeed, pivotal randomized clinical trials (RCTs) often lack of external validity because eligibility criteria exclude some patient subgroups commonly treated in real-world clinical practice. Similarly, cost-effectiveness and sustainability of these innovative agents are important issues to be considered in the real-world. Though affected by several limitations, real-world evidence (RWE) studies allow to collect data regarding overall treated patients in clinical practice according to local authority regulations, overcoming the intrinsic limits of RCTs. The present review focuses on RWE about ICIs in lung cancer treatment, with particular reference to special patient populations, and discusses potential application of real-world data in a potential innovative drug development model

Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC): Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) predicts the risk of development and relapse

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Effects of Microencapsulated Ferulic Acid or Its Prodrug Methyl Ferulate on Neuroinflammation Induced by Muramyl Dipeptide

Ferulic acid (Fer) is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which are possibly useful against neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the ability of Fer to permeate the brain, its fast elimination from the body does not allow its therapeutic use to be optimized. The present study proposes the preparation and characterization of tristearin- or stearic acid-based solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) as sustained delivery and targeting systems for Fer. The microparticles were produced by conventional hot emulsion techniques. The synthesis of the methyl ester of Fer (Fer-Me) allowed its encapsulation in the SLMs to increase. Fer-Me was hydrolyzed to Fer in rat whole blood and liver homogenate, evidencing its prodrug behavior. Furthermore, Fer-Me displayed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The amount of encapsulated Fer-Me was 0.719 +/- 0.005% or 1.507 +/- 0.014% in tristearin or stearic acid SLMs, respectively. The tristearin SLMs were able to control the prodrug release, while the stearic acid SLMs induced a significant increase of its dissolution rate in water. Jointly, the present results suggest that the tristearin SLMs loaded with Fer-Me could be a potential formulation against peripheral neuropathic pain; conversely, the stearic acid SLMs could be useful for Fer-Me uptake in the brain after nasal administration of the formulation

A psicologia na produção científica nacional de enfermagem

This study aimed, through a review of Nursing periodicals, at identifying elements of interaction between Nursing and Psychology. Authors selected 317 articles that met the criterion of approaching psychological issues. The analysis included: 1. the focussed theme; 2.authors' position; 3. references to Psychology works; 4. Psychology's theoretical frameworks and 5. methodology. Authors concluded that this interaction is occurring through a theoretical-methodological dialogue. The contacts among professionals with different academic backgrounds were scarce.O presente trabalho buscou, através de consultas a periódicos da área de Enfermagem, identificar elementos de interação desta com a Psicologia. Foram selecionados 317 artigos que enquadraram-se no critério de incluir em sua abordagem questões psicológicas e sua análise compreendeu: 1. a temática focalizada; 2. a categoria profissional dos autores; 3. as referências a obras de Psicolologia; 4. modelos teóricos em Psicologia e 5. metodologia. Concluiu-se que a forma como essa interação vem operando, no contexto focalizado, é através do diálogo teórico-metodológico. O contato entre profissionais de diferentes formações apareceu em pequena proporção.El presente trabajo buscó identificar, en revistas de Enfermería, los elementos de interacción de ésta con la Psicología. Fueron seleccionados 317 artículos que se encuadraron en el criterio de incluir en su enfoque, cuestiones psicológicas y su análisis comprendió: 1. la temática enfocada: 2. la categoría profesional de los autores; 3. las referencias a las obras de Psicología; 4. Modelos teóricos de Psicología y 5. la metodología. Se concluyó que la forma como esa interacción ocurre en el contexto enfocado, es a través del diálogo teórico-metodológico. El contacto entre profesionales de diferentes formaciones apareció en pequeña proporción

A psicologia na produção científica nacional de enfermagem

This study aimed, through a review of Nursing periodicals, at identifying elements of interaction between Nursing and Psychology. Authors selected 317 articles that met the criterion of approaching psychological issues. The analysis included: 1. the focussed theme; 2.authors' position; 3. references to Psychology works; 4. Psychology's theoretical frameworks and 5. methodology. Authors concluded that this interaction is occurring through a theoretical-methodological dialogue. The contacts among professionals with different academic backgrounds were scarce.O presente trabalho buscou, através de consultas a periódicos da área de Enfermagem, identificar elementos de interação desta com a Psicologia. Foram selecionados 317 artigos que enquadraram-se no critério de incluir em sua abordagem questões psicológicas e sua análise compreendeu: 1. a temática focalizada; 2. a categoria profissional dos autores; 3. as referências a obras de Psicolologia; 4. modelos teóricos em Psicologia e 5. metodologia. Concluiu-se que a forma como essa interação vem operando, no contexto focalizado, é através do diálogo teórico-metodológico. O contato entre profissionais de diferentes formações apareceu em pequena proporção.El presente trabajo buscó identificar, en revistas de Enfermería, los elementos de interacción de ésta con la Psicología. Fueron seleccionados 317 artículos que se encuadraron en el criterio de incluir en su enfoque, cuestiones psicológicas y su análisis comprendió: 1. la temática enfocada: 2. la categoría profesional de los autores; 3. las referencias a las obras de Psicología; 4. Modelos teóricos de Psicología y 5. la metodología. Se concluyó que la forma como esa interacción ocurre en el contexto enfocado, es a través del diálogo teórico-metodológico. El contacto entre profesionales de diferentes formaciones apareció en pequeña proporción

bim electric objects plug in for industry 4 0

The use of digital MEP objects in BIM models is a reality in the building world. This approach allows for the extrapolation of information relating to digital models, the simulation of their operation and the calculations of the sizing of plant circuits. The final goal of this research project is the creation of BIM object libraries for the 4.0 Industry, which includes the modelling of BIM objects for manufacturing connected with a company system. The Revit EasyBIM plug-in, developed for Vimar SpA and object of this research paper, allows for the creation of BIM objects, connected with a company system for the control of customer satisfaction throughout the production chain, design of use, installation, use in life cycle and disposal