Taxability of Scholarships and Fellowship Grants

Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, is a big city with almost one million citizens. The city have got almost 4000 streets of different kinds and it is therefore important to see how the city's cleaning of streets is being managed. The surrounding environment is widely affected by it and a lot of money is being invested in the area since the city is interested in minimize its environmental impact. This study is a literature study which addresses the two largest parts in cleaning of streets, handling of street snow and street dust. It will elucidate how these two flows appears, interact and effect each other as well as how they circulate and recirculate in the city. The report will highlight that the city of Stockholm is doing a lot to minimize the environmental impacts of these flows but also discuss what the city can do to become even better within cleaning of streets from an environmental point of view. Stockholm, Sveriges huvudstad, är en stor stad med nästan en miljon invånare. Staden har ungefär 4000 gator av olika slag och det är därför viktigt att se hur stadens renhållning av gator hanteras. Den omgivande miljön påverkas stort av detta och en massa pengar investeras inom området eftersom staden är angelägen om att minimera sin miljöpåverkan. Denna studie är en litteraturstudie som behandlar två största delarna inom renhållning av gator, nämligen hantering av gatusnö och gatudamm. Den kommer att belysa hur dessa två flöden ser ut, samverkar och påverkar varandra samt hur de cirkulerar och återcirkulera i staden. Rapporten kommer att belysa att Stockholms stad gör en hel del för att minimera miljöpåverkan av dessa flöden men kommer också det att diskutera vad staden kan göra för att bli ännu bättre inom renhållning, utifrån ett miljöperspektiv.

Transceiver design for non-regenerative MIMO relay systems with decision feedback detection

In this paper we consider the design of zero forcing (ZF) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) transceivers for non-regenerative multiple input multiple output (MIMO) relay networks. Our designs utilise linear processors at each stage of the network along with a decision feedback detection device at the receiver. Under the assumption of full channel state information (CSI) across the entire link the processors are jointly optimised to minimise the system arithmetic mean square error (MSE) whilst meeting average power constraints at both the source and the relay terminals. We compare the presented methods to linear designs available in the literature and show the advantages of the proposed transceivers through simulation results

Robust transceiver design for MIMO relay systems with tomlinson harashima precoding

In this paper we consider a robust transceiver design for two hop non-regenerative multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay networks with imperfect channel state information (CSI). The transceiver consists of Tomlinson Harashima Pre-coding (THP) at the source with a linear precoder at the relay and linear equalisation at the destination. Under the assumption that each node in the network can acquire statistical knowledge of the channel in the form of a channel mean and estimation error covariance, we optimise the processors to minimise the expected arithmetic mean square error (MSE) subject to transmission power constraints at the source and relay. Simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed transceiver design to channel estimation errors

ZF DFE transceiver design for MIMO relay systems with direct source-destination link

In this paper we consider a non-linear transceiver design for non-regenerative multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay networks where a direct link exists between the source and destination. Our system utilises linear processors at the source and relay as well as a zero-forcing (ZF) decision feedback equaliser (DFE) at the receiver. Under the assumption that full channel state information (CSI) is available the precoding and equaliser matrices are designed to minimise the arithmetic mean square error (MSE) whilst meeting transmit power constraints at the source and destination. The source, relay, and destination processors are provided in closed form solution. In the absence of the direct link our design particularises to a previous ZF DFE solution and as such can be viewed as a generalisation of an existing work. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution through simulation and show that it outperforms existing techniques in terms of bit error ratio (BER)

Tomlinson Harashima precoding design for non-regenerative MIMO relay networks

In this paper we consider the design of minimum mean square error (MMSE) transceivers for non-regenerative multiple input multiple output (MIMO) relay systems. Our design utilises Tomlinson Harashima precoding (THP) at the source along with linear processors in each stage of the network. Assuming full channel state information (CSI) is available at each node in the network the various processors are jointly optimised to minimise the system arithmetic mean square error (MSE) whilst abiding by average power constraints at both the source and relay terminals in the network. Simulations show that the proposed schemes outperform existing methods in terms of bit error ratio (BER)

Local Optical Spectroscopies for Subnanometer Spatial Resolution Chemical Imaging

The evanescently coupled photon scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs) have special requirements in terms of stability and optical access. We have made substantial improvements to the stability, resolution, and noise floor of our custom-built visible-photon STM, and will translate these advances to our infrared instrument. Double vibration isolation of the STM base with a damping system achieved increased rigidity, giving high tunneling junction stability for long-duration and high-power illumination. Light frequency modulation with an optical chopper and phase-sensitive detection now enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the tunneling junction during irradiation