Fishing and Fisheries Under International Water Law: A Dialogue Between Professor Gabriel Eckstein and Professor Paul Stanton Kibel

On April 10 and 11, 2023, the Center on Urban Environmental Law (CUEL) at Golden Gate University School of Law hosted a two-day webinar on International Law Aspects of Fisheries and Hydropower in Europe. To open the webinar, Professor Gabriel Eckstein (of Texas A&M University School of Law) and Professor Paul Stanton Kibel (of Golden Gate University School of Law) participated in a keynote dialogue titled Fishing and Fisheries under International Water Law. What follows is a transcription of this dialogue between Professor Eckstein and Professor Kibel

Reduced leakage current in Josephson tunnel junctions with codeposited barriers

Josephson junctions were fabricated using two different methods of barrier formation. The trilayers employed were Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb on sapphire, where the first two layers were epitaxial. The oxide barrier was formed either by exposing the Al surface to O2 or by codepositing Al in an O2 background. The codeposition process yielded junctions that showed the theoretically predicted subgap current and no measurable shunt conductance. In contrast, devices with barriers formed by thermal oxidation showed a small shunt conductance in addition to the predicted subgap current.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figure

Engineering Photon-mediated Long-Range Spin Interactions in Mott Insulators

We investigate the potential to induce long-range spin interactions in a Mott insulator via the quantum electromagnetic field of a cavity. The coupling between light and spins is inherently non-linear, and occurs via multi-photon processes like Raman scattering and two-photon absorption/emission with electronically excited intermediate states. Based on this, two pathways are elucidated: (i) In the absence of external driving, long-range interactions are mediated by the exchange of at least two virtual cavity photons. We show that these vacuum-mediated interactions can surpass local Heisenberg interactions in mesoscopic setups such as sufficiently small split-ring resonators. (ii) In a laser-driven cavity, interactions can be tailored through a hybrid scheme involving both external laser photons and cavity photons. This offers a versatile pathway for Floquet engineering of long-range interactions in macroscopic systems. In general, the derivation of these interactions requires careful consideration: Notably, we demonstrate that a simple phenomenological approach, based on a spin-photon Hamiltonian that captures Raman and two-photon processes with effective matrix elements, can be used only if the cavity is resonantly driven. Outside of these narrow resonant regimes as well as for the undriven case, a fourth-order series expansion within the underlying electronic model is necessary, which we perform to obtain long-range four-spin interactions in the half-filled Hubbard model.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figure

Physiological Effects of Training in Elite German Winter Sport Athletes: Sport Specific Remodeling Determined Using Echocardiographic Data and CPET Performance Parameters

Nine ski mountaineering (Ski-Mo), ten Nordic-cross country (NCC), and twelve world elite biathlon (Bia) athletes were evaluated for cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) performance and pronounced echocardiographic physiological cardiac remodeling as a primary aim of our descriptive preliminary report. In this context, a multicenter retrospective analysis of two-dimensional echocardiographic data including speckle tracking of the left ventricle (LV-GLS) and CPET performance analysis was performed in 31 elite world winter sports athletes, which were obtained during the annual sports medicine examination between 2020 and 2021. The matched data of the elite winter sports athletes (14 women, 17 male athletes, age: 18-32 years) were compared for different CPET and echocardiographic parameters, anthropometric data, and sport-specific training schedules. Significant differences could be revealed for left atrial (LA) remodeling by LA volume index (LAVI, p = 0.0052), LV-GLS (p = 0.0003), and LV mass index (LV Mass index, p = 0.0078) between the participating disciplines. All participating athletes showed excellent performance data in the CPET analyses, whereby significant differences were revealed for highest maximum respiratory minute volume (VE (maximum)) and the maximum oxygen pulse level across the participating athletes. This study on sport specific physiological demands in elite winter sport athletes provides new evidence that significant differences in CPET and cardiac remodeling of the left heart can be identified based on the individual athlete's training schedule, frequency, and physique

In-situ strain tuning of the Dirac surface states in Bi2Se3 films

Elastic strain has the potential for a controlled manipulation of the band gap and spin-polarized Dirac states of topological materials, which can lead to pseudo-magnetic-field effects, helical flat bands and topological phase transitions. However, practical realization of these exotic phenomena is challenging and yet to be achieved. Here, we show that the Dirac surface states of the topological insulator Bi2Se3 can be reversibly tuned by an externally applied elastic strain. Performing in-situ x-ray diffraction and in-situ angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements during tensile testing of epitaxial Bi2Se3 films bonded onto a flexible substrate, we demonstrate elastic strains of up to 2.1% and quantify the resulting reversible changes in the topological surface state. Our study establishes the functional relationship between the lattice and electronic structures of Bi2Se3 and, more generally, demonstrates a new route toward momentum-resolved mapping of strain-induced band structure changes

Acute Metabolic Responses to Glucose and Fructose Supplementation in Healthy Individuals : A Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Placebo-Controlled Trial

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of glucose (Glu), fructose (Fru), glucose and fructose (GluFru) and sucralose on blood glucose response in healthy individuals. Fifteen healthy individuals (five females, age of 25.4 ± 2.5 years, BMI of 23.7 ± 1.7 kg/m2 with a body mass (BM) of 76.3 ± 12.3 kg) participated in this double-blind randomized crossover placebo-controlled trial. Participants received a mixture of 300 mL of water with 1 g/kg BM of Glu, 1 g/kg BM of Fru, 0.5 g/kg BM of GluFru (each), and 0.2 g sucralose as a placebo. Peak BG values Glu were reached after 40 ± 13 min (peak BG: 141 ± 20 mg/dL), for Fru after 36 ± 22 min (peak BG: 98 ± 7 mg/dL), for GluFru after 29 ± 8 min (BG 128 ± 18 mg/dL), and sucralose after 34 ± 27 min (peak BG: 83 ± 5 mg/dL). Significant differences regarding the time until peak BG were found only between Glu and GluFru supplementation (p = 0.02). Peak blood glucose levels were significantly lower following the ingestion of Fru compared to the supplementation of Glu and GluFru (p p = 0.23). All conditions led to a significantly higher peak BG value compared to sucralose (p p = 0.002), Fru and GluFru (both p p = 0.051). Insulin levels were significantly higher in all conditions at peak compared to sucralose (p < 0.0001). The findings of this study prove the feasibility of combined carbohydrate supplementations for many applications in diabetic or healthy exercise cohorts