DCT Image Compression for Color Images

Image compression attempts to condense the number of bits obligatory to digitally symbolize an image while maintaining its apparent visual excellence Image compression is a procedure that is very vastly used for the integral and resourceful convey of data. It not only reduces the dimension of realistic file to be transferred but at the equivalent time reduces the storage space requirements, cost of the data transferred, and the time required for the transfer. It makes the diffusion progression faster, provides superior bandwidth and security beside illegitimate use of data. Image compression involve two types lossy image compression and lossless image compression. In lossy image compression there is no loss of data. However lossless image compression is used to retain original multimedia object The main objective of this research work is to implement 1DCT, 2DCT and True compression in MATLAB by using grey scale images .The comparison among the selected algorithms will also be drawn in order to get better result

Managing Waiting Time: Impact of Physical Environment and Interaction Quality

This Research Paper presents the key role of waiting time. This report will explore the issue associated with prolonged waiting time. Research on waiting is used to determine not only why these issues are problematic but what factors may lead them to rise. Finally research unapplied to uncover ways in which the issues can be dealt with physical environment and interaction quality. The Exploratory factor analysis and Structural Equational Modeling was used to analyse the patients of private Clinic. The study brings various waiting time filler to deal with perception management of waiting time. The study provides valuable Operational management techniques to the policymakers on the management of waiting time in Private health care sector. Both patients and staff can get benefit from reduced crowding, less complaint, positive word of mouth and satisfied patients. It also benefit the society by better health services

A randomized controlled trial to compare effects of different volume and concentration of lidocaine for preventing propofol injection pain in adults

Background: Pain on propofol injection is an unwanted effect which can lead to decreased patient satisfaction. Although many studies have shown that pre-treatment with lidocaine injection is effective in this pain, nevertheless, very few studies have been done  on different concentration and volume of lidocaine, effective of reducing pain significantly. Objective of the current study was to assess and compare the efficacy of intravenous lidocaine with  0.4% and 2% concentration in reducing the incidence and severity of propofol injection pain.Methods: A total of 126 American Society of Anesthesiologist grade I and II patients with age ≥18 years, scheduled for an elective surgery, were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomized into two equal groups of 63 each. Group A (n = 63) received pretreatment with 0.4% lidocaine and group B (n = 63) received 2% lidocaine. Propofol injection pain was measured by using Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and Withdrawl Response Scale (WRS). Unpaired t test, ANOVA and Chi square test were used for statistical analysis.Results: A statistically significant decrease in the pain was recorded in group A (0.4% lidocaine) as compared to group B (2% lidocaine). Using NRS scale, 12% of patients in group A as compared to 33% patients of group B, experienced pain (p =0.02); while using WRS, 8% patients of group A as compared to 27% group B patients experienced pain (p= 0.04).Conclusions: The pain on injection of propofol is significantly decreased by the use of 0.4% lidocaine in comparison with 2% Lidocaine

Influences of the Darrieus-Landau instability on premixed turbulent flames

The hydrodynamic instability which results from large density variations between the fresh mixture and the hot combustion products was discovered by Darrieus and Landau over seventy years ago, and has been named after its inventors. The instability, which prevents flames from being too flat, was thought to lead immediately to turbulent flames. Recent studies, initiated by weakly nonlinear analyses and extended by two-dimensional simulations suggest that this is not the case. It was established that the flame, beyond the onset of instability develops into a cusp-like structure pointing towards the burned gas region that propagates at a speed substantially large than the laminar flame speed. In this work, we present for the first time a systematic study of the bifurcation phenomena in the more realistic \textit{three-dimensional flow} and extend this analysis to homogeneous isotropic turbulent flows. The computations are carried out within the context of the hydrodynamic theory where the flame is treated as a surface of density discontinuity separating burned gas from the fresh mixture, and propagates at a speed that depends on the local curvature and hydrodynamic strain rate. The asymptotic model derived from first principles exploits the multi-scale nature of the problem, specifically the difference between the flame thickness representing the diffusion length scale and the hydrodynamic length which is characteristic of the dimensions of the domain. The dependence of the local stretch rate experienced by the flame - a measure of the local flame surface curvature and the strain rate, is modulated by the Markstein length, which mimics effects of reaction and diffusion occurring inside the flame. This parameter is of the order of the flame thickness and for an experimental setting can be changed by varying the fuel type or its equivalence ratio or the ambient system pressure. A low Mach-number Navier-Stokes solver modified by an appropriate source term is used to determine the flow field that results from the gas expansion and the flame is tracked using a level-set methodology with a surface parameterization method employed to accurately capture the local velocity and stretch rate. Under laminar flow conditions, the hybrid numerical scheme is shown to recover the known exact solutions predicted in the weak gas expansion limit and corroborates the bifurcation results from linear stability analysis. The new conformations that evolve beyond the instability threshold have a sharp crest pointing towards the burned gas with ridges along the troughs, and propagate nearly 40\% faster than planar flames. Indeed, the appearance of sharp folds and creases, which are some manifestations of the Darrieus-Landau instability, have been observed on the surface of premixed flames in various laminar and turbulent settings. The understanding from laminar flames is extended to practical three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulent flows, to study premixed flame propagation, with an aim of providing a deeper insight into the mechanisms governing flame-turbulence interactions. The impact of the Darrieus-Landau instability on the topology of the flame surface is studied and it is shown that similar to passive interfaces, the complex conformations formed on the flame surface due to turbulence are locally not spherical in shape, rather cylindrical, similar to shapes resulting from two-dimensional unsteady flame-vortex interactions, which can be thought as simplifications of three-dimensional problems. Furthermore, probability distribution functions of flame surface curvature, strain and mean flame position show that the presence of the Darrieus-Landau instability can have visibly different effects on the topology of the flame. The presence of a flame is also observed to create significant anisotropy in the burned gas in terms of restructuring the intense vortical structures, which weakens as the turbulence intensity increases. The changes in density across the flame are also responsible for vorticity destruction and generation in terms of dilatation, vortex stretching and baroclinic torque. In particular, alignments between the vorticity vector, flame surface normal and eigenvectors of the strain rate tensor are used to identify the impact of the strain rate tensor on vortex stretching and transport of scalar gradients, while changes in flame topology due to the Darrieus-Landau instability are shown to significantly impact vorticity generation through the baroclinic torque using enstrophy budgets. The turbulent flame speed, defined as the mean propagation speed of a premixed flame in a turbulent environment is of great importance in the design of combustors. The relatively robust methodology of the current approach allows us to study the turbulent flame speed for a wide parametric space at a reasonable computational cost. One of the primary findings reported in this work is that the Darrieus-Landau instability can have a dramatic impact on the propagation speed of turbulent premixed flames. Further, contrary to prior studies in the literature, the turbulent flame speed doesn't scale with the mean area ratio of the flame and is reduced by an increase in the mean flame stretch, which makes accurate computations of flame stretch important

Prevalence of self-reported reproductive tract infections/sexually transmitted infections symptoms and treatment seeking behavior among the married tribal women in Udaipur, Rajasthan

Background: Indian tribes are culturally distinct communities, with unique traditions and practices. Lack of awareness and “culture of silence” about reproductive health issues among women in rural areas contributes to high burden of reproductive tract infections/sexually tract infections. Rural tribal women also suffer from ignorance, poverty and lack of access to quality health care, which makes them more vulnerable to RTIs/STIs.Methods: It was a community based cross sectional study conducted among 200 tribal women living in rural Udaipur, Rajasthan. The study was conducted from May 2019 to November 2019. A predesigned, pretested and structured questionnaire was used to take the interview of eligible women. Questionnaire included questions about sociodemographic profile, questions to assess the knowledge regarding RTIs and history of occurrence of any RTI symptom in the past six months and; questions to assess the treatment seeking behaviour for RTI symptoms.Results: Most of the participants were 26-35 years old.About 37% gave the history of experiencing RTI symptoms, vaginal discharge being the most common (46%) symptom. Regarding the treatment, most (34%) of the females took treatment from government hospital, followed by 26% of women who bought the medicines direct from pharmacy (over the counter), about 16% consulted a private practitioner. Prevalence was found to be significantly higher in less educated, belonging to lower socioeconomic status and among non-users of contraceptive methods.Conclusions: Health education and active participation of stakeholders in the reproductive health programs is essential to strengthen the ongoing schemes about improving reproductive health of tribal women

Socio-epidemiological study of malnutrition and associated risk factors among under five children in rural Rajasthan

Background: Malnutrition continues to be a major problem in India and is rightfully described as “the silent emergency.” Sociocultural factors and rural urban disparity in health services in our country further impact the health outcomes. The effects of malnutrition are long-term and trap generations in the vicious circle of poverty. Improving nutrition is therefore essential to accelerate economic growth and development of the country.Methods: It was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted among 200 under five children residing in rural Udaipur, Rajasthan. Random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A structured validated questionnaire was used to collect socio demographic data, birth history, Anganwadi beneficiary status etc. Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight and heights were recorded and classified as underweight, wasted and stunted, using standard World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.Results: This study revealed that 58% of the study population was stunted, 45% was wasted, 54% was underweight and 5% was overweight of the study population was overweight. Regarding the association of malnutrition parameters with other factors, it was found that malnutrition was high among female children, lower socioeconomic class, children of low educated mothers and children who were not exclusively breast fed.Conclusions: To combat malnutrition in India, there is need of multifaceted approach, taking into account the sociocultural determinants, demographic variables, especially in rural areas. In addition to providing supplementary nutrition, innovations regarding specific interventions targeted towards vulnerable population is necessary

IMPACTS OF INTENSIVE POULTRY FARMING ON ‘ONE HEALTH’ IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: CHALLENGES AND REMEDIES

During the recent past, the poultry sector has shown immense adaptations to meet the ever-increasing demand for safe meat and eggs. However, this growth has been accompanied by structural changes within the industry which has led to the emergence of various environmental and public health concerns ranging from water, air, and soil pollution to ecological imbalances, biodiversity losses, and occupational health and safety hazards. This paper analyses the environmental and human health impacts of intensive poultry production and various technical strategies to mitigate these issues

A CRITICAL INSIGHT INTO SHIKIMATE KINASE PATHWAY

Objective: Tuberculosis is the most infectious disease that appears to be dreadful even in the presence of anti tubercular drugs. The problem of MDR-TB is growing at an alarming rate and the prevalence of the disease cause devastation to the molecular level. We hereby carry out a review of shikimate pathway used for tuberculosis management. Based on the available evidence on its vital roles, we highlight ways in which their therapeutic potential can be properly harnessed for possible integration into the country's healthcare system. Methods: Information was obtained from a literature search of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus up to 20115 for publications on shikimate pathways and their therapeutic targets for Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Results: Numerous factors have been reported to be the causative agent in the progression of the disease. Apart from this, a number of transcription factors is also been involved in the down regulation of the modulatory pathology. The emergence of MDR-TB washes out the treatment and control of Tuberculosis at an extremely difficult stage. Epidemilogical data revels that Tuberculosis kill approx. 3 million people in a year. Shikimate Kinase and other agents can be involved therapeutic target and evaluation of new pathways. Emphasis need to be urgently given for the diagnosis and treatment of the TB in the society effectively. Conclusion: This review, therefore, provides a useful resource to enable a thorough assessment of the profile of Shikimate Kinase Pathway used in MDR-TB management so as to ensure a more rational use. Shikimate Kinase is one of the main enzymes involved in Shikimate pathway that has emerged as a vital target in many of the morbidity

Plp1 in the enteric nervous system is preferentially expressed during early postnatal development in mouse as DM20, whose expression appears reliant on an intronic enhancer

Recently, the myelin proteolipid protein gene (Plp1) was shown to be expressed in the glia of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in mouse. However, beyond this, not much is known about its expression in the intestine. To address this matter, we investigated Plp1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels in the intestine of mice at different ages (postnatal days 2, 9, 21, and 88). In this study, we show that Plp1 expression preferentially occurs during early postnatal development, primarily as the DM20 isoform. Western blot analysis indicated that DM20 migrated according to its formula weight when isolated from the intestine. However, mobilities of both PLP and DM20 were faster than expected when procured from the brain. The 6.2hPLP(+)Z/FL transgene, which uses the first half of the human PLP1 gene to drive expression of a lacZ reporter gene, recapitulated the developmental pattern observed with the native gene in the intestine, indicating that it can be used as a proxy for Plp1 gene expression. As such, the relative levels of β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity emanating from the 6.2hPLP(+)Z/FL transgene suggest that Plp1 expression is highest in the duodenum, and decreases successively along the segments, toward the colon. Moreover, removal of the wmN1 enhancer region from the transgene (located within Plp1 intron 1) resulted in a dramatic reduction in both transgene mRNA levels and β-gal activity in the intestine, throughout development, suggesting that this region contains a regulatory element crucial for Plp1 expression. This is consistent with earlier studies in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, indicating that it may be a common (if not universal) means by which Plp1 gene expression is governed