Traumatic shock and electroshock: the difficult relationship between anatomic pathology and psychiatry in the early 20th century

In the conviction that a look at the past can contribute to a better understanding of the present in the field of science too, we discuss here two aspects of the relationship between early 20th century anatomic pathology and psychiatry that have received very little attention, in Italy at least. There was much debate between these two disciplines throughout the 19th century, which began to lose momentum in the early years of the 20th, with the arrival on the scene of schizophrenia (a disease histologically sine materia) in all its epidemiological relevance. The First World War also contributed to the separation between psychiatry and pathology, which unfolded in the fruitless attempts to identify a histopathological justification for the psychological trauma known as shell shock. This condition was defined at the time as a "strange disorder" with very spectacular symptoms (memory loss, trembling, hallucinations, blindness with no apparent organic cause, dysesthesias, myoclonus, bizarre postures, hemiplegia, and more), that may have found neuropathological grounds only some hundred years later. Among the doctors with a passed involvement in the conflict, Ugo Cerletti, the inventor of electroshock treatment, focused on the problem of schizophrenia without abandoning his efforts to identify its organic factors: if inducing a controlled electric shock, just like an experimentally-induced epileptic seizure, seems to allay the psychotic symptoms and heal the patient, then what happens inside the brain? In seeking histological proof of the clinical effects of electroconvulsive therapy ("the destruction of the pathological synapses"), and attempting to isolate molecules (that he called acroagonins) he believed to be synthesized by neurons exposed to strong electric stimulation, Cerletti extended a hand towards anatomic pathology, and took the first steps towards a neurochemical perspective. However his dedication to finding a microscopic explanation for schizophrenia - in the name of a "somatist" approach that, some years earlier, the psychiatrist Enrico Morselli had labelled "histomania" - was unable to prevent psychiatry from moving further and further away from anatomic pathology

On the long-time behaviour of solutions to unforced evolution Navier–Stokes equations under Navier boundary conditions

We study the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions to Navier-Stokes unforced equations under Navier boundary conditions in a wide class of merely Lipschitz domains of physical interest. The paper draws its main motivation from celebrated results by Foias and Saut (1984) under Dirichlet conditions; here the choice of the boundary conditions requires carefully considering the geometry of the domain Ω, due to the possible lack of the Poincaré inequality in presence of symmetries. In non-axially symmetric domains we show the validity of the Foias-Saut result about the limit at infinity of the Dirichlet quotient, in axially symmetric domains we provide two invariants of the flow which completely characterize the motion and we prove that the Foias-Saut result holds for initial data belonging to one of the invariants

DATA SHARING TO DRIVE THE IMPROVEMENT OF TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAMS

Background/Context: Teacher preparation programs (TPPs) face increasing pressure from the federal government, states, and accreditation agencies to improve the quality of their practices and graduates, yet they often do not possess enough data to make evidence-based reforms. Purpose/Objective: This manuscript has four objectives: (a) to present the strengths and shortcomings of accountability-based TPP evaluation systems; (b) to detail the individual-level data being shared with TPPs at public universities in North Carolina; (c) to describe how data sharing can lead to TPP improvement and the challenges that programs will need to overcome; and (d) to detail how three TPPs are using the data for program improvement. Setting: North Carolina public schools and schools of education at public universities in North Carolina. Importantly, this individual-level data sharing system can be instituted among TPPs in other states. Population/Participants/Subjects: Teachers initially-prepared b

Re-occurrence of the CD20 molecule expression subsequent to CD20-negative relapse in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

We report the first case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the stomach displaying CD20-negative relapse after rituximab-containing treatment and the re-appearance of CD20 expression at the second failure. The loss of CD20 expression in B-cell lymphomas relapsing after rituximab is a well-known phenomenon, but its actual impact in DLBCL is difficult to estimate. This paradigmatic case suggests that CD20-expression reappearance after purging of CD20-positive clones with rituximab might be an underestimated occurrence in B-cell lymphomas. Accordingly, every relapse, whenever possible, should be histologically assessed with diagnostic and immunophenotyping purposes

JAK-2 inhibitors and allogeneic transplant in myelofibrosis

7The activation of the JAK1/JAK2 pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis. Treatment with the JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib demonstrated to reduce splenomegaly and symptoms in patients affected by myelofibrosis, leading to a significant improvement of overall survival in comparison with the supportive therapies. Taking in account this recent therapeutic progress, it is necessary to redefine the role of the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which has been considered the only curative option for fit myelofibrosis patients up to now. In the era of JAK2 inhibitors, allogeneic transplant is still indicated in patients with intermediate-2 and high-risk myelofibrosis or red blood cell transfusion dependent patients or patients with unfavourable karyotype. There is no direct evidence to recommend which conditioning regimen should be preferentially adopted. Graft failure, relapse and transplant related mortality are still current issues of the allogeneic stem cell transplantation, particularly from unrelated donors. Ruxolitinib can be efficaciously included in the platform of allogeneic transplant. In fact, ruxolitinib treatment for 3-4 months before transplant has demonstrated to reduce spleen and improve performance status in about 30-50% of patients, without impairing the outcome of the subsequent transplant. Ruxolitinib has to stopped the day before conditioning to avoid rebound phenomenon. There are no sufficient data to recommend ruxolitinib administration after transplant with the aim of eradicating minimal residual disease and preventing relapse.openopenPatriarca, F; Sperotto, A; De Marchi, R; Perali, G; Cigana, C; Lazzarotto, D; Fanin, RPatriarca, Francesca; Sperotto, A; De Marchi, R; Perali, G; Cigana, C; Lazzarotto, D; Fanin, Renat

Breakdown of the mean-field approximation in a wealth distribution model

One of the key socioeconomic phenomena to explain is the distribution of wealth. Bouchaud and M\'ezard have proposed an interesting model of economy [Bouchaud and M\'ezard (2000)] based on trade and investments of agents. In the mean-field approximation, the model produces a stationary wealth distribution with a power-law tail. In this paper we examine characteristic time scales of the model and show that for any finite number of agents, the validity of the mean-field result is time-limited and the model in fact has no stationary wealth distribution. Further analysis suggests that for heterogeneous agents, the limitations are even stronger. We conclude with general implications of the presented results.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure

Incidence, outcome, and risk factors of late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications after unrelated donor stem cell transplantation

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Classification of Building Function using available sources of VGI

This paper examines the feasibility of using data from OpenStreetMap (OSM), Facebook and Foursquare as a source of information on the function of buildings. Such information is rarely openly available and if available, would vary between cities by nomenclature, making comparisons between places difficult. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) including data from social media represents new potential sources of building function data that have not yet been exploited for this purpose. Using a part of the city of Milan as the study area, building data from OSM and points of interest (POIs) from OSM, Facebook and Foursquare were extracted to derive the building function. This resulted in the classification of building function for more than 80% of the buildings and demonstrated that both Facebook and Foursquare can complement the building function derived from OSM, helping to fill in missing gaps. This preliminary study has demonstrated the potential of this approach for deriving building function information from open data in a simple way yet still requires independent validation with alternative sources as well as extension to other areas that have different amounts of OSM and social media coverage

Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis versus Pre-emptive Strategy: Different CD4(+) and CD8(+) T Cell Reconstitution after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Reconstitution of T cells after transplantation is a determinant of the long-term success of the procedure, and the correlation with T cell recovery and cytomegalovirus reactivation and disease is well known. We evaluated 110 patients who underwent transplantation: 55 received pre-emptive antiviral treatment, and in the other 55 patients, prophylaxis with letermovir was employed. A progressive statistically significant difference in T cell reconstitution between the 2 groups was observed, starting from day +60 with faster recovery in the pre-emptive group. Moreover, a higher incidence of cytomegalovirus reactivation was observed in prophylactic group after discontinuation of letermovir, and subsequent antiviral treatment has been necessary. Our findings confirm, as previously reported, that cytomegalovirus reactivation is a potent stimulator of T cell function