Causas de condenação de carcaças de aves em abatedouros localizados no Estado de Goiás, Brasil

The aim of this research was to detect the principal reasons for condemnation of poultry carcasses in two slaughterhouses (A and B); located in the southeastern region of the State of Goiás, Brazil. The data were collected by the federal veterinary inspection services of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture between January and April 2007. The principal causes of condemnation observed in both industries were cellulite, contusion/ fractures and bruises, as well as contamination due to gut severance at evisceration. The three main values observed for each of the causes were different between the slaughter houses. In A, cellulite was the main cause of condemnation with 51.20% of all condemnations, followed by 5.67% for contusion/ fractures and bruising and 33.61% for contamination by evisceration. In B, the major cause of condemnation was 28.90% due to fractures/ contusion and bruising, followed by 25.27% for cellulite and 22.50% for contamination. Other causes of condemnation were observed, however in minute quantities in both industries (<10% to A and <23% to B). The high cellulite occurrence in A was due to the high density of the poultry in sheds (17 or 18 chickens m-2). The greater value for fractures/ contusion and bruising verified in B was due to the inefficiency during capture in the sheds and putting on hooks in the slaughterhouse. Carcass lesions were also caused by insensitization because of non-uniformity in the poultry groups. Contamination by residues due to gut severance, mainly intestines, was attributed to problems in adjustment of machinery and non- uniformity of lots in industry A. In industry B the value detected within an acceptable level of failure in evisceration for machine, according to the manufacturer. All problems observed suggest a failure in handling, cellulite and mainly failures in pre slaughter and slaughter procedure to prevent contusions, fractures and bruising.O objetivo deste trabalho foi observar as principais causas de condenações de aves, em dois abatedouros frigoríficos (A e B), localizados na região Sudeste do Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos junto ao serviço de inspeção veterinária federal do Ministério da Agricultura, entre o período de janeiro e abril de 2007. As três principais causas de condenações observadas em ambas as indústrias foram celulite, contusão/fratura e hematomas e contaminação devido à ruptura de vísceras no momento da evisceração. Entretanto, os valores observados, para cada uma das causas, foram diferentes entre os frigoríficos A e B. Em A, verificou-se que a celulite foi a maior causa de condenação, com 51,20% do total de condenações, seguido por 5,67% de contusão/fratura e hematomas e 33,61% de contaminação na evisceração. Em B, a maior causa foi 28,90% para fraturas/ contusões e hematomas, seguido de 25,27% para celulite e 22,50% para contaminação. Outras causas de condenação também foram observadas, porém em pequenas percentagens para ambas as indústrias. Observou-se que, em A, a celulite estava relacionada à alta densidade de aves/m² nos galpões (17 a 18 aves m-2). O maior índice para fratura/contusões e hematomas observados em B foi relacionado à ineficiência na apanha e no enganchamento, bem como a traumas no momento da insensibilização devido à desuniformidade das aves. Para a contaminação por resíduos de rompimento de vísceras, principalmente alças intestinais, foi atribuído, para A, problemas na regulagem da máquina e desuniformidade do lote e, para B, o valor detectado estava dentro da margem aceitável de falhas na evisceração para a máquina evisceradora, segundo o fabricante. Os problemas verificados ainda sugerem falhas no manejo, no que se refere às celulites, e principalmente falhas nas operações de pré-abate e abate para os índices de contusões, fratura e hematomas

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF FREE OR COMPLEXED LINALOOL WITH Β-CYCLODEXTRIN: A FOCUS FOR ANTIHYPERTENSIVE ACTION

Investigating the cardiovascular effects of natural compounds, such as linalool, has aroused interest due to the potential impact on cardiovascular health. Linalool, a component present in several essential oils, has demonstrated promising pharmacological properties, including antihypertensive activity. However, its bioavailability and efficacy can be influenced by complexation with β-cyclodextrin, a strategy frequently used to improve the solubility and stability of bioactive substances. This study aimed to carry out a systematic review of the literature, exploring the cardiovascular effects of free linalool and linalool complexed with β-cyclodextrin. Objective: To investigate the cardiovascular effects of free linalool and linalool complexed with β-cyclodextrin, with emphasis on the antihypertensive action, through a systematic review of the literature. Methodology: The review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed, Scielo and Web of Science databases were consulted, using the descriptors "linalool", "β-cyclodextrin", "cardiovascular effects", "antihypertensive" and "complexation". The inclusion criteria covered studies published in the last 10 years, focusing on in vivo experiments, clinical trials and systematic reviews. Articles unrelated to the topic, duplicate studies and those without peer review were excluded. Results: They revealed that linalool, when complexed with β-cyclodextrin, presented greater bioavailability and stability, enhancing its antihypertensive action. In vivo studies have demonstrated a significant reduction in blood pressure in hypertensive animal models. Furthermore, the complexation positively influenced the gastrointestinal absorption of linalool. These findings suggest that the complexed formulation may represent an effective approach to improving the cardiovascular effects of linalool. Conclusion: The systematic review highlights the relevance of complexing linalool to β-cyclodextrin as a strategy to enhance its antihypertensive effects. Understanding these mechanisms can contribute to the development of more effective pharmaceutical formulations in the management of hypertension, promoting advances in cardiovascular therapy.Investigating the cardiovascular effects of natural compounds, such as linalool, has aroused interest due to the potential impact on cardiovascular health. Linalool, a component present in several essential oils, has demonstrated promising pharmacological properties, including antihypertensive activity. However, its bioavailability and efficacy can be influenced by complexation with β-cyclodextrin, a strategy frequently used to improve the solubility and stability of bioactive substances. This study aimed to carry out a systematic review of the literature, exploring the cardiovascular effects of free linalool and linalool complexed with β-cyclodextrin. Objective: To investigate the cardiovascular effects of free linalool and linalool complexed with β-cyclodextrin, with emphasis on the antihypertensive action, through a systematic review of the literature. Methodology: The review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed, Scielo and Web of Science databases were consulted, using the descriptors "linalool", "β-cyclodextrin", "cardiovascular effects", "antihypertensive" and "complexation". The inclusion criteria covered studies published in the last 10 years, focusing on in vivo experiments, clinical trials and systematic reviews. Articles unrelated to the topic, duplicate studies and those without peer review were excluded. Results: They revealed that linalool, when complexed with β-cyclodextrin, presented greater bioavailability and stability, enhancing its antihypertensive action. In vivo studies have demonstrated a significant reduction in blood pressure in hypertensive animal models. Furthermore, the complexation positively influenced the gastrointestinal absorption of linalool. These findings suggest that the complexed formulation may represent an effective approach to improving the cardiovascular effects of linalool. Conclusion: The systematic review highlights the relevance of complexing linalool to β-cyclodextrin as a strategy to enhance its antihypertensive effects. Understanding these mechanisms can contribute to the development of more effective pharmaceutical formulations in the management of hypertension, promoting advances in cardiovascular therapy

Incontinência urinária: uma abordagem sobre o manejo clínico e cirúrgico / Urinary incontinence: an approach to clinical and surgical management

O presente estudo analisa as justificativas contidas na literatura atual, no que tange ao aumento da incidência de Incontinência Urinária (IU) ao longo do tempo. Foram elencados, de forma completa, os principais aspectos fisiopatológicos e manejo terapêutico que essa afecção está envolvida. Para isso, foram buscados critérios de avaliação de tal doença, identificando, não só suas versões mais leves, bem como de suas manifestações mais graves, de modo a estabelecer a melhor propedêutica possível e, quando necessário, intervir cirurgicamente. Nesse artigo, há uma abordagem das características epidemiológicas de tal afecção, mostrando a sua incidência e prevalência na conjuntura atual mundial. Foi possível analisar os aspectos fisiopatológicos que a IU está envolvida, enumerando os sinais e sintomas clínicos conhecidos anteriormente na literatura, bem como aqueles descobertos nos estudos recentemente publicados na comunidade científica médica. Para tal, foi feito um amplo estudo revisional fisiopatológico capaz de descrever os principais processos anormais presentes nessa afecção, que culminam em suas manifestações clínicas e, consequentemente, resultam em prejuízo à saúde do indivíduo, principalmente à mulher. Não obstante, para ter maior vigor em seu diagnóstico e abordagem cirúrgica, foram analisados e listados as principais formas de diagnóstico existentes. Portanto, dada a significativa morbimortalidade implicada nas diversas nuances da IU, ressaltando-se a diferença de tratamento segundo sua categorização, foram abordados os aspectos inerentes à sua fisiopatologia, seu diagnóstico e seu manejo terapêutico

Infraestrutura e processo de trabalho na atenção primária à saúde: PMAQ no Ceará

OBJETIVO: Analisar a qualidade da infraestrutura e do processo de trabalho da Estratégia Saúde da Família nos municípios do Ceará entre 2012 e 2014. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, utilizando dados secundários da avaliação externa do 1º (2012) e 2º (2014) ciclo do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica no Ceará. Vinte indicadores compostos foram utilizados para averiguar a qualidade da infraestrutura e do processo de trabalho. RESULTADOS: Dados de 183 (99,4%) dos 184 municípios foram avaliados nos dois ciclos. Avaliaram-se 1.441 equipes para infraestrutura e 800 equipes para processo de trabalho. Dentre os 20 indicadores compostos avaliados, houve melhoria em 18, porém de forma não homogênea, variando de 0,0 a 413,5%. Observou-se que quanto menor o valor inicial do indicador, maior a variação na qualidade entre 2012 e 2014. Os indicadores da infraestrutura e do processo de trabalho foram influenciados pela região de saúde e porte populacional do município, sendo mais evidente a influência nas variáveis de processo de trabalho. CONCLUSÕES: Identificou-se que melhorias da qualidade referentes à infraestrutura e ao processo de trabalho ocorreram no período de implantação do programa no estado do Ceará de forma equitativa, sendo influenciadas pelo porte populacional e pela região, demonstrando a influência do contexto na implementação de políticas públicas dessa natureza.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the quality of the infrastructure and work process of the Family Health Strategy in the municipalities of Ceará between 2012 and 2014. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, using secondary data from the external evaluation of the 1st (2012) and 2nd (2014) cycle of the National Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Primary Care in Ceará. A total of 20 composite indicators were used to verify the quality of infrastructure and work process. RESULTS: Data from 183 (99.4%) of the 184 municipalities of Ceará were collected in both cycles. A total of 1,441 teams were evaluated for the infrastructure and 800 for the work process. Among the 20 composite indicators evaluated, 18 presented an improvement, but in a non-homogeneous way, ranging between 0.0 and 413.5%. We observed that the lower the initial value of the indicator, the greater the variation in quality between 2012 and 2014. The indicators of infrastructure and work process were influenced by the regional health system and population size of the municipality, being more evident the influence on the variables of the work process. CONCLUSIONS: We identified that quality improvements related to infrastructure and work process occurred in the period of implementation of the program in the state of Ceará in an equitable manner, being influenced by population size and regional health system, showing the influence of the context in the implementation of public policies of this nature

Influenza seroprotection correlates with predominant circulating viruses during 2014/15 and 2015/16 seasons in Portugal

Rede Portuguesa de Laboratórios para o Diagnóstico da GripeBACKGROUND: Population immune profile for influenza is highly affected by circulating influenza viruses, thus changing the risk of infection for influenza. This study aims to assess influenza immunity in the Portuguese population by age groups, during 2014 and 2015 and establish a relationship between seroprotection and circulating influenza viruses in 2014/15 and 2015/16 seasons. METHODS: Two cross-sectional studies were developed based on a convenience serum sample collected in June 2014 (n=626) and July 2015 (n=675) in hospitals from mainland and Azores and Madeira.Serums equally represent all age groups. Antibody titers were evaluated by HI assay for strains recommended for seasonal influenza vaccine northern hemisphere,2014/15 and 2015/2016. Seroprevalences were estimated for each strain by age group and the association with seasonal cumulative influenza-like illness (ILI) rates for influenza virus during both seasons was analised. RESULTS: In June 2014 the highest seroprotection was observed for influenza A(H3) (39.0%; 95% CI: 36.2-43.8%) and A(H1)pdm09 (29.7; 95% CI: 26.3-33.4%), with higher levels in children 5-14 years old. In 2014/2015 a dominant circulation of influenza B/Yamagata was observed with high incidence rates in individuals under 65 years old, the ones that had lower seroprotection. Although before the start of the season high protection for A(H3) was observed, the circulation of the new drift A(H3) strains had gained an immunological advantage,in accordance with A(H3) elevated incidence rates observed during 2014/15. In July 2015 the highest seroprotection was observed for influenza B/ Yamagata (55.1%; 95% CI: 51.4-58.9%), 2.4 times the estimated 2014.This increase was even more pronounced in younger (≤ 4 years old), 6.3 times increase in 2015.This fact is in agreement with the predominant influenza B virus detected and the high ILI incidence rate observed in children during 2014/2015 epidemic. Seroprotection levels for influenza A in July 2015 were not significantly different from 2014.During 2015/16 season, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was predominant, with high incidence rate in < 65 year old. Influenza B/Victoria lineage,although detected at low levels increased in frequency, in agreement with the lowest level of seroprotection detected in the general population before the start of 2015/2016 season (21.8%; 95% CI: 18.7-24.0%). CONCLUSIONS There was a correlation between virus circulation, incidence rates for each age group and the previous seroprotection for seasonal influenza viruses.Our study highlights the value of measuring the serological profile for influenza to establishe risk groups for infection for which an increase preventive measures, including vaccination, should be fostered.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Influenza severe cases in hospitals, between 2014 and 2016 in Portugal

Rede Portuguesa de Laboratórios para o Diagnóstico da GripeBackground: Since 2009, the Portuguese Laboratory Network (PLNID) for Influenza Diagnosis has integrated 15 Laboratories in mainland and Atlantic Islands of Azores and Madeira. This PLNID added an important contribute to the National Influenza Surveillance Program regarding severe and hospitalized influenza cases. The present study aims to describe influenza viruses detected in influenza like illness (ILI) cases: outpatients (Outp), hospitalized (Hosp), and intensive care units (ICU), between 2014 and 2016. Methods: The PLNID performs influenza virus diagnosis by biomolecular methodologies. Weekly reports to the National Influenza Reference Laboratory ILI cases tested for influenza. Reports include data on detecting viruses, hospital assistance, antiviral therapeutics, and information on death outcome. Were reported during two winter seasons 8059 ILI cases,being 3560 cases in 2014/15 (1024 in Outp, 1750 Hosp, and 606 in ICU) and 4499 cases in 2015/2016 (1933 in Outp, 1826 Hosp, and 740 in ICU). Results: The higher percentage of influenza positive cases were detected in Outp in both seasons, 18% during 2014/15 and 20% in 2015/16. In 2014/15,influenza cases were more frequent in individuals older than 65 years old and these required more hospitalizations,even in ICU. In 2015/16,the influenza cases were mainly detected in individuals between 15-64 years old. A higher proportion of influenza positive cases with hospitalization in ICU were observed in adults between 45-64 years old.During the study period,the predominant circulating influenza viruses were different in the two seasons: influenza B and A(H3) co-circulated in 2014/15,and influenza A(H1)pdm09 was predominant during 2015/16. Even when influenza A is notthe dominant virus, A(H3) and A(H1)pdm09 subtypes correlate with higher detection rate in hospitalized cases (Hosp and UCI), with higher frequencies in adults older than 45. Influenza B,detected in higher proportion in outpatients, was frequently relatedwith influenza cases in younger age groups: 0-4 and 5-14 years old. Conclusions: This study highlights the correlation of theinfluenza virus type/subtype that circulates in each season with the possible need for hospitalization and intensive care in special groups of the population. Circulation of influenza A subtypes can cause more frequentdisease in individuals older than 45, with need of hospitalization including intensive care. On the other hand, influenza B is more frequently associated with less severe cases and with infection in children and younger adults. Influenza B circulation might predict lower number of hospitalizations.The identification of influenza type in circulation,byPLNID ineach season, could guide action planning measures in population health care.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio