National Educators' Workshop: Update 1996

This document contains a collection of experiments presented and demonstrated at the National Educators' Workshop: Update 96, held at Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico on October 27-30, 1996. The experiments related to the nature and properties of engineering materials and provided information to assist in teaching about materials in the education community

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Joint Practice Guidelines for Radionuclide Lymphoscintigraphy for Sentinel Node Localization in Oral/Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Involvement of the cervical lymph nodes is the most important prognostic factor for patients with oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and the decision of whether to electively treat patients with clinically negative necks remains a controversial topic. Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) provides a minimally invasive method for determining the disease status of the cervical node basin, without the need for a formal neck dissection. This technique potentially improves the accuracy of histologic nodal staging and avoids overtreating three-quarters of this patient population, minimizing associated morbidity. The technique has been validated for patients with OSCC, and larger-scale studies are in progress to determine its exact role in the management of this patient population. This document is designed to outline the current best practice guidelines for the provision of SNB in patients with early-stage OSCC, and to provide a framework for the currently evolving recommendations for its use. Preparation of this guideline was carried out by a multidisciplinary surgical/nuclear medicine/pathology expert panel under the joint auspices of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Oncology Committee and the Sentinel European Node Trial (SENT) Committee

Joint practice guidelines for radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node localization in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Involvement of the cervical lymph nodes is the most important prognostic factor for patients with oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and the decision whether to electively treat patients with clinically negative necks remains a controversial topic. Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) provides a minimally invasive method of determining the disease status of the cervical node basin, without the need for a formal neck dissection. This technique potentially improves the accuracy of histological nodal staging and avoids over-treating three-quarters of this patient population, minimizing associated morbidity. The technique has been validated for patients with OSCC, and larger-scale studies are in progress to determine its exact role in the management of this patient population. This article was designed to outline the current best practice guidelines for the provision of SNB in patients with early-stage OSCC, and to provide a framework for the currently evolving recommendations for its use. These guidelines were prepared by a multidisciplinary surgical/nuclear medicine/pathology expert panel under the joint auspices of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Oncology Committee and the Sentinel European Node Trial Committee

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

BNL -20531 ANALYSIS OF RADIATION DAMAGE IN FUSION-SIMULATION NEUTRON SPECTRA*

ABSTRACT During the next decade experiments will be performed at a number of neutron sources in an effort to discover and alleviate radiation effects in fusion reactors. Comparison of experimental results obtained after irradiations in diverse neutron spectra will require a versatile analysis method such as the one we have developed. Various parameters which are relevant to an understanding of radiation effects in metals have been evaluated utilizing available neutron spectrum information for several existing sources, e.g. EBRII, HFIR, and LAMPF, as well as the hypothetical spectrum at a fusion reactor first wall, and measured Li(d,n) spectra. Recoil energy distributions were calculated for several metals including Al, Cu, and Nb. The recoil energy range was divided into groups, and the fraction of recoils occurring in each energy group was compared with the fraction of the damage energy contributed by that group. From this comparison it was possible to conclude that the significant recoil range differs by about an order of magnitude between fission and fusion sources. The analysis further confirms that basic defect production characteristics depend upon the neutron spectrum, and that integral calculations of radiationeffect parameters do not provide a complete description of the dependence. This Is equally true for comparisons between fusion-related spactra or fission-reactor spectra independently. Four recoil-dependent parameter functions which describe different aspects of radiation damage were used in the calculations. The relative effectiveness of neutron sources was found to depend upon the choice of parameter function. Fission-reactor spectra comparisons are relatively insensitive to the parameter functions used whereas spectra with an appreciable component of high-energy neutrons are much more sensitive

Channel Constituents in Beryl

The electronic absorption spectra of Fe^(2+) in non-chromium beryls are examined. Fe^(2+) in the Al-rich six-coordinate site produces absorption bands at about 820 nm and 970 nm polarized EIIc. Fe^(2+) in the channel produces bands at 820 nm (⊥c) and 2100 nm (IIc). Some blue beryls which are more intensely colored than most aquamarines, have an absorption band at ∼700 nm (‖c) which is suggested to arise from an Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+) intervalence interaction. Fe^(2+) in both the six-coordinate site and the channel is identified in the Mössbauer spectra. The Mössbauer spectra of deep blue beryls are unusual and have not been satisfactorily explained. Color changes which accompany heating and irradiation are strongly influenced by the channel iron