Some Insights Into The Reactivity Of Oxovanadium Phosphate: Synthesis And Characterization Of An Vopo4-h2n(ch2) 3nh2 Coordination Compound

The lamellar matrix of VOPO4·2H2O was used as the host species to prepare a VOPO4-1,3-diaminopropane coordination compound. The oxovanadium matrix and the synthesized hybrid were characterized by elemental analysis, infared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, X-ray diffractometry and SEM microscopy. The elemental analysis results, as well as the X-ray diffraction patterns and quantum chemical calculations, strongly suggest that the synthesized matrix is an equimolar (1:1) mixture of two compounds with the formulas VOPO4·[H2N-(CH 2)3-NH2] and VOPO4·[H 2N-(CH2)3-NH2]0.5. The SEM micrographs obtained for the VOPO4- diaminopropane hybrid matrix show that the microstructure of VOPO4·2H2O is changed after reaction, with an overall exfoliation of the oxovanadium matrix.701112831290Benes, L., Melánova, K., Zima, V., Kalousová, J., Votinsky, J., (1997) Inorg. Chem., 36, p. 2850De Stefanis, A., Foglia, S., Tomlinson, A.G., (1995) J. Mater. Chem., 5, p. 475Nakajima, H., Matsubayashi, G.-E., (1995) J. Mater. Chem., 5, p. 105De Stefanis, A., Tomlinson, A.G., (1994) J. Mater. Chem., 5, p. 319Johnson, J.W., Jacobson, A.J., Brody, J.F., Rieh, S.M., (1982) Inorg. Chem., 21, p. 3820Yatabe, Y., Matsubayashi, G.-E., (1996) J. Mater. Chem., 6, p. 1849Nakato, T., Furuni, Y., Terao, N., Okuhara, T., (2000) J. Mater. Chem., 10, p. 737Ellison, I.J., Hutchings, G.J., Sananes, M.T., Volta, J.-C., (1994) J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., p. 1093Benes, L., Hyklová, R., (1990) Inorg. Chim. Acta, 177, p. 71Nakato, T., Furumi, Y., Okuhara, T., (1998) Chem. Lett., p. 611Wavefunction Inc., Irvine, CA, USABordes, E., Courtine, P., Pannetier, G., (1973) Ann. Chim., 8, p. 105R'kha, C., Vandenboore, M.T., Livage, L., Prost, R., Huard, E., (1986) J. Solid State Chem., 63, p. 202Silverstein, R.M., Bassler, G.C., Morril, T.C., (1991) Spectrometric Identification of Organic, , Compound, Wiley, New YorkDe Farias, R.F., Airoldi, C., (2002) J. Solid State Chem., 166, p. 277De Farias, R.F., Airoldi, C., (2003) Solid State Sci., 5, p. 611Machado, M.O., De Farias, R.F., Airoldi, C., (2004) J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 65, p. 169

Early castration in foals: consequences on physical and behavioural development.

[en] BACKGROUND: The impact of very early castration of foals has not yet been studied despite the many positive effects observed in dogs and cats. OBJECTIVES: To compare castration at 3 days and 18 months and assess their subsequent morphological and behavioural development. STUDY DESIGN: Randomised, blinded clinical study. METHODS: Twenty-two Welsh ponies underwent either early (3 days old, EC group, n=11) or traditional (18 months old, TC group, n=11) castration. Animals were followed up to three years of age. All ponies were castrated using a primary closure technique under general anaesthesia. Weight and morphometric measurements were monitored monthly from birth until 8 months of age in both groups. Then, measurements were taken every 3 months until 2 years of age and then every 6 months until 3 years of age. Temperament tests were performed on all animals when they were 1 and 3 years old. RESULTS: No differences were observed between the EC and TC groups in terms of physical development from birth until 40 months of age, or in terms of temperament and behaviour at either 1 or 3 years of age. MAIN LIMITATIONS: The study included only one breed (Welsh ponies) and only 22 animals that were castrated before 2 years of age, precluding comparison with castration performed at older ages. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that early castration at three days does not interfere with morphological or behavioural development

Towards 3D databases and harmonized 3D models at IGME-CSIC

IGME-CSIC has a highly relevant geological and geophysical database that includes a continuous digital geological cartography at 1:50000; 1:200000 and 1:1000000 scales and a fair amount of geophysical data: gravity, magnetic, well-logs in tiff and LAS format, seismic lines in tiff and SEG-Y format, borehole and petrophysical data, together with other geophysical and geological studies. Since the 2004, an important effort has been done to undertake 3D geological and geophysical modelling ranging from local studies (mineral exploration or CO2 storage sites) to regional geology for a better understanding of the subsurface structure and its geodynamic evolution as a base for other studies on natural hazards or mineral resources. These studies were ¿stand alone¿ and now IGME is designing a new strategy. It includes the available data and models harmonization (stratigraphy sequences, structural interpretations, faults distribution, seismic velocity models, spatial distribution of physical properties such as density and magnetic susceptibility, workflows, methodologies, evaluation of uncertainties, visualization, etc.) to comply with the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data standardization. In this way, the new 3D models will be easily integrated and available from the databases. This strategy includes collaboration with the Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières of France (BRGM) and Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia of Portugal (LNEG) in order to harmonize the Spanish geological data and models with their neighbours across national borders. The first step is being done in the framework of GeoERA projects. Plain-language Summary IGME-CSIC owns a large database that includes a highly valuable geological and geophysical data and geophysical studies containing the interpretation of some of the data of Spain (onshore and offshore) Since 2004 the authors of this work have been working in 3D geological and geophysical modelling that includes local (mineral exploration or CO2 storage sites) and regional studies. The goal is to improve our understanding of the subsurface structures and processes as a base for deepening our knowledge in how the natural hazards occur, how to improve the exploration for mineral resources, etc. These studies were made ad hoc within different projects and now IGME-CSIC is designing a workflow to harmonize these models in order to comply with the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data standardization so the models will be available to being used beyond the initial objectives that generated their creation. This strategy includes collaboration with other European institutions like the Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières of France (BRGM) and Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia of Portugal (LNEG) in order to harmonize the models across national borders. The first step is already being done in the framework of the GeoERA projects

Informal rental housing in Colombia: an essential option for low-income households

Around the world, rental housing is frequently seen as secondary to home ownership; yet it plays a crucial role in many countries. In particular, rental housing in urban informal neighbourhoods has a critical but consistently overlooked role in housing the most vulnerable households in the Global South. If better policy and practice are to be pursued, there is a need for improved data on rental housing in urban informal settlements, and in particular, better understanding of ‘the lived experiences of the poor’. This paper responds to these empirical gaps in debates on informality and rental housing with qualitative research on residents’ experiences of informal rented housing in two Colombian cities, Bogotá and Cali. The paper frames informal rental housing as an essential option for diverse low-income households for whom ownership is not accessible or attractive. In this way, it also contributes to policy and theoretical debates calling for a better understanding of the dynamics, possibilities and potential of informal housing

Geodetic fault slip rates on active faults in the Baza sub-Basin (SE Spain): Insights for seismic hazard assessment

One of the most significant parameters for seismic hazard assessment analyses is the fault slip rate. The combination of both geological (long-term) and geodetic (short-term) data offers a more complete characterization of the seismic potential of active faults. Moreover, geodetic data are also a helpful tool for the analysis of geodynamic processes. In this work, we present the results of a local GPS network from the Baza sub-Basin (SE Spain). This network, which includes six sites, was established in 2008 and has been observed for seven years. For the first time, we obtain short-term slip rates for the two active faults in this area. For the normal Baza Fault, we estimate slip rates ranging between 0.3 ± 0.3 mm/yr and 1.3 ± 0.4 mm/yr. For the strike-slip Galera Fault, we quantify the slip rate as 0.5 ± 0.3 mm/yr. Our GPS study shows a discrepancy for the Baza Fault between the short-term slip rates and previously reported long-term rates. This discrepancy indicates that the fault could be presently in a period with a displacement rate higher than the mean of the magnitude 6 seismic cycle. Moreover, the velocity vectors that we obtained also show the regional tectonic significance of the Baza Fault, as this structure accommodates one-third of the regional extension of the Central Betic Cordillera. Our GPS-related slip rates form the basis for future seismic hazard analysis in this area. Our results have further implications, as they indicate that the Baza and Galera Faults are kinematically coherent and they divide the Baza sub-Basin into two tectonic blocks. This points to a likely physical link between the Baza and Galera Faults; hence, a potential complex rupture involving both faults should be considered in future seismic hazard assessment studies.We acknowledge the comments of Editor Prof. Irina M. Artemieva and two anonymous reviewers, which significantly improved the quality of this paper. This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University (Research Projects: RTI2018-100737-BI00 and CGL2016-80687-R), the University of Alicante (Research Project: VIGROB053), the University of Jaén (PAIUJA 2019-2020 and Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 - call made by UJA 2018), the University of Granada (B-RNM-301-UGR18) and the Junta de Andalucía regional government (RNM148, RNM282, and RNM370 and P18-RT-3275 research groups). We thank all observers who collected the data of survey-mode GPS measurements

Short- and mid-term effects on performance, health and qualitative behavioural assessment of Romane lambs in different milk feeding conditions

The common practice of artificially rearing lambs from prolific meat breeds of sheep constitutes a welfare issue due to increased mortality rates and negative health issues. In this multidisciplinary study, we investigated the possible short- and mid-term advantages of artificially feeding fresh ewe's milk instead of commercial milk replacer on lambs' growth, health and welfare. Romane lambs were either separated from their mothers on D3 and fed with Lacaune ewes' milk (LAC, n?=?13) or milk replacer (REP, n?=?15), or they were reared by their mothers (MOT, n =?15). On D45, they were weaned, gathered in single-sex groups until the end of the study on D150. Lamb performance and biomarkers of overall health were assessed by measuring: growth, dirtiness of the perianal area, enteric pathogens in the faeces, total antioxidant status and redox status assessed by plasma reduced glutathione/oxidised glutathione ratio, and immune response after vaccination against chlamydiosis. As an exploratory approach, blood cell transcriptomic profiles were also investigated. Last, qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA) was performed as an integrated welfare criterion. Lacaune ewes' milk and REP never differed in their average daily gain but grew less than MOT lambs in the early suckling period and just after weaning. No effect was detected afterwards. On D30, LAC and REP lambs had lower total antioxidant and higher redox status than MOT lambs but did not differ among themselves. Lacaune ewes' milk and MOT had a cleaner perianal area than REP lambs on D21, while faecal pathogen infection did not vary between the treatment groups. After vaccination, LAC also had a stronger immune response on D90 compared to REP lambs. Transcriptome analysis performed on D150 showed differential gene expression, mainly in relation to inflammatory, immune and cell cycle response, between male lambs of the LAC group and those of the MOT and REP groups. Based on QBA, LAC lambs never differed from MOT lambs in their general activity and varied from REP only on D21; REP lambs were always more agitated than MOT lambs. In conclusion, artificial milk feeding impaired early growth rate, health and emotional state mainly during the milk feeding period and at weaning. Feeding artificially reared lambs with fresh ewe's milk partly mitigated some of the negative effects induced by milk replacer but without achieving the full benefit of being reared by the mother

Espeleogénesis de las cavidades de la Sierra de Mollina (Málaga, sur de España): implicaciones hidrogeológicas y geomorfológicas

Congreso Español sobre Cuevas Turísticas (7º. 2018. La Vall d’Uixó, Castellón). - Congreso Iberoamericano sobre Cuevas Turísticas (2º. 2018. La Vall d’Uixó, Castellón). - Texto en español con resumen y palabras claves en español e inglés.La Sierra de Mollina se localiza al N de la provincia de Málaga, en la cuenca vertiente a la laguna de Fuente de Piedra. En su ladera sudoriental se conocen varias cavidades asociadas a dolinas de colapso. A partir de datos geológicos y geofísicos, se ha caracterizado la estructura de la sierra, se han analizado los aspectos hidrogeológicos que condicionan la formación de las cavidades y se han estudiado los rasgos exo y endokársticos más sobresalientes. Las dos cavidades más importantes (Cueva de los Órganos y la Sima del Soldado) se desarrollan preferentemente a favor de la estratificación, que en este sector presenta buzamientos superiores a 40°SE. Sus desniveles superan los 100 m y presentan amplias salas con gran desarrollo de espeleotemas vadosos y caos de bloques, consecuencia del colapso gravitacional de algunas zonas. Juegos de diaclasas N-S y NE-SO facilitan la circulación de agua. El principal aspecto que caracteriza estas cavidades es la presencia de abundantes cortezas de yeso recubriendo los carbonatos que constituyen la roca de caja en las zonas profundas. Este rasgo apunta a un proceso de espeleogénesis por ácido sulfúrico, debido a la emisión de gas sulfhídrico (H2S) procedente de la reducción del sulfato disuelto en el agua subterránea. Estos procesos debieron producirse con el nivel freático ~100 m más elevado que el actual y como consecuencia de la mezcla de aguas de infiltración local y aguas procedentes de materiales triásicos y posiblemente miocenos. El estudio previo de espeleotemas pone de manifiesto también la existencia de termalismo durante el Pleistoceno medio, por lo que en esa edad el proceso espeleogenético podría haber estado activo = Mollina Range is located in the northern part of the Málaga province, in the endorheic watershed of Fuente de Piedra. In its southeastern slope, some caves associated with collapse dolines are known. Geological and geophysical data allow us to characterize the structure of the range, to analyze the hydrogeological aspects that condition the formation of the caves and to study their most outstanding exo and endokarstic characteristics. The two most important caves (Órganos Cave and Soldado Shaft) are preferably developed along the bedding surfaces, dipping 40ºSE in this sector. Both cavities are more than 100 m deep, with spacious chambers and great development of vadose speleothems and chaos of blocks, consequence of the gravitational collapse of some areas. N-S and NE-SW joint sets facilitate water flow. The main aspect that characterize these caves is the presence of gypsum crusts replacing the carbonates that constitute the host rock in the deepest zones. This evidence points to sulphuric acid speleogenesis due to the emission of H2S from the reduction of the sulfate dissolved in groundwater. These processes may have occurred with the water table ~100 m higher than nowadays and as a consequence of mixing processes local infiltration waters and groundwater arising from Triassic and possibly Miocene materials. Previous studies of speleothems also reveal the existence of thermalism during the Middle Pleistocene, so at that period the speleogenetic process could have been active.Unidad de Granada, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, EspañaUnidad de Sevilla, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, EspañaInstituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Españ

Constraints on the evolution of sulfuric acid speleogenesis within carbonate rocks partially covered by evaporites (Sierra de Mollina, southern Spain)

We investigated speleogenetical processes and the formation of unusual endo- and exokarstic features within carbonates rocks in the Sierra de Mollina mountain range (southern Spain), a sector affected by salt tectonics. Allochthonous Triassic evaporites partially overlie younger subsalt Jurassic limestones and dolostones. The carbonate beds show signs of karstification, including large collapse structures and a dense field of collapse sinkholes. We focus our study on the two deepest cavities (~100 m deep), namely Sima del Soldado and Órganos Cave, where significant secondary gypsum (CaSO·2HO) and traces of mineralogical associations (alunite, jarosite, barite and others) have been reported. We analyzed the sulfur (δS) and oxygen (δO) of the gypsum sulfate and the δO and δD of its structural water. Our results suggest that reduction of sulfates from the Upper Triassic evaporites generated hydrogen sulfide (HS). Subsequently, sulfuric acid (HSO) was generated in oxic conditions, which triggered sulfuric acid speleogenesis (SAS). Our reconstruction of the isotopic composition of the paleo-aquifer using stable isotopes of gypsum hydration water (δO and δD) indicates that gypsum crystallized in a climatic setting colder than present. Gypsum precipitation included acid replacement of the carbonates and hydration of anhydrite (CaSO) generated in previous stages. The overlying Triassic evaporites provided the hydraulic gradient needed to drive sulfate-rich water towards the deeper, O-depleted carbonate aquifer. Sulfate reduction in anoxic conditions generated HS that later mixed with O-enriched waters in the upper carbonate aquifer, creating the sulfuric acid necessary for SAS. The stable isotopes of gypsum from Órganos Cave reveal that the vadose zone was not connected to the surface, probably being confined beneath Triassic evaporitic rocks, while the Sima del Soldado underwent a partial connection with atmospheric O.We would like to thank the members of the Asociación Espeleológica Velezana and Javier Jaén Fajardo from Al Límite Mountain Club in Alameda for their help in cave research. The authors thank Prof. Dr. Juan Manuel García-Ruiz for his comments and suggestions regarding the petrographic study of replacement textures of calcite by gypsum. We thank Dr. Cristobal Verdugo for mineralogical analysis. Dr. Antonio Pedrera was financially supported by the projects FIPs (P20-01387), REViSE (PID2020-119651RB-I00), and A-RNM-005-UGR18. Dr. Fernando Gázquez was financially supported by the “HIPATIA” research program of the University of Almeria. The isotopic analyses of gypsum hydration water were funded by the I + D + I Project PALEOQUANT (PY18-871) of the Junta de Andalucía

Reply to comment by Tavani et al. on “Salt control on the kinematic evolution of the Southern Basque-Cantabrian Basin and its underground storage systems (Northern Spain)”

Tavani et al. (2022) raise in their comment some important points that must be dealt with in any model of thrust belts involving inversion and salt tectonics processes. The Southern Basque-Cantabrian Basin is indeed a paradigmatic case for which the different interpretations of the geological, seismicand borehole data have resulted in contradictory tectonic scenarios. Moreover, there is intense interest in the processes that have configured the underground storage systems. We kindly appreciate this opportunity to openly discuss the different views.This work is part of the projects “SENSE: Assuring integrity of CO2 storage sites through ground surface monitoring” (PCI2019-111943-2), REViSE-Betics-PID2020-119651RB-I00 and RTI2018-093613-B-I00 founded by the Spanish Science Ministry and “3D geological modelling of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin” projects funded by the Spanish Geological Survey (CN IGME-CSIC), and the Junta de Andalucía funded projects ARNM-005-UGR18 and FIPS, PY20-01387.Peer reviewe

Artificial milk preference of newborn lambs is prenatally influenced by transfer of the flavor from the maternal diet to the amniotic fluid

International audienceThe present study examined in lambs whether exposure to flavors derived from pregnant mother‘s diet and transferred to amniotic fluid (AF) could induce a preference for artificial milk containing one of these flavors. To test this hypothesis, cumin was added to the maternal diet in the last month of gestation. Preference for artificial milk containing p-cymene, one of the chemosensory compounds of cumin, was tested within the first two days after birth in maternally deprived lambs born from mothers fed a cumin-flavored diet (Cumin group), or an unflavored diet (Control group). Aromatic profile of AF from cumin-fed mothers was analyzed by GC-MS/MS to determine whether p-cymene could be detected. While the control group avoided the flavored artificial milk on day 1, the Cumin group did not and showed a preference for the cumin-scented formula on day 2. GC-MS/MS profile of AF revealed that four of the main volatile cumin compounds, p-cymene, p-cymenene, β-pinene and γ-terpinene were present in variable amounts in all samples, p-cymene being the most frequently detected. These findings indicate that newborn lambs can memorize flavors from the mother's diet present in AF and that prenatal experience influences their preference for an artificial milk containing one specific flavor