75 research outputs found

    Hadron cascades in CORSIKA 8

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    We present characteristics of hadronic cascades from interactions of cosmic rays in the atmosphere, simulated by the novel CORSIKA 8 framework. The simulated spectra of secondaries, such as pions, kaons, baryons and muons, are compared with the cascade equations solvers MCEq in air shower mode, and full 3D air shower Monte Carlo simulations using the legacy CORSIKA 7. A novel capability of CORSIKA 8 is the simulation of cascades in media other than air, widening the scope of potential applications. We demonstrate this by simulating cosmic ray showers in the Mars atmosphere, as well as simulating a shower traversing from air into water. The CORSIKA 8 framework demonstrates good accuracy and robustness in comparison with previous results, in particular in those relevant for the production of muons in air showers. Furthermore, the impact of forward ρ0^{0} production on air showers is studied and illustrated

    Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

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    Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

    The impact of surgical delay on resectability of colorectal cancer: An international prospective cohort study

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    AIM: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to explore the impact of surgical delays on cancer resectability. This study aimed to compare resectability for colorectal cancer patients undergoing delayed versus non-delayed surgery. METHODS: This was an international prospective cohort study of consecutive colorectal cancer patients with a decision for curative surgery (January-April 2020). Surgical delay was defined as an operation taking place more than 4 weeks after treatment decision, in a patient who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. A subgroup analysis explored the effects of delay in elective patients only. The impact of longer delays was explored in a sensitivity analysis. The primary outcome was complete resection, defined as curative resection with an R0 margin. RESULTS: Overall, 5453 patients from 304 hospitals in 47 countries were included, of whom 6.6% (358/5453) did not receive their planned operation. Of the 4304 operated patients without neoadjuvant therapy, 40.5% (1744/4304) were delayed beyond 4 weeks. Delayed patients were more likely to be older, men, more comorbid, have higher body mass index and have rectal cancer and early stage disease. Delayed patients had higher unadjusted rates of complete resection (93.7% vs. 91.9%, P = 0.032) and lower rates of emergency surgery (4.5% vs. 22.5%, P < 0.001). After adjustment, delay was not associated with a lower rate of complete resection (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.90-1.55, P = 0.224), which was consistent in elective patients only (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69-1.27, P = 0.672). Longer delays were not associated with poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION: One in 15 colorectal cancer patients did not receive their planned operation during the first wave of COVID-19. Surgical delay did not appear to compromise resectability, raising the hypothesis that any reduction in long-term survival attributable to delays is likely to be due to micro-metastatic disease

    MĂ©thodologie d'optimisation de programmes pour architectures complexes de processeurs

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    Because processor architectures are increasingly complex, it is increasingly difficult to embed accurate machine models within compilers. As a result, compiler efficiency tends to decrease. Currently, the trend is on top-down approaches: static compilers are progressively augmented with information from the architecture as in profile-based, iterative or dynamic compilation techniques. However, for the moment, fairly elementary architectural information is used. In this thesis, first, we show that understanding the complex interactions between programs and the numerous processor architecture components is both feasible and critical to design efficient program optimizations. We studied a more systematic method to address the complexity problem. Second, we propose an iterative process of manual optimization based on a detailed dynamic analysis. We show in experiments the effectiveness of this process. This approach presents a potential strategy for driving automatic iterative optimization environments in the future. This applied research work has the immediate benefit to provide a systematic manual optimization process which can be applied by engineers or researchers.L'augmentation de la complexitĂ© des processeurs rend de plus en plus difficile l'intĂ©gration de modĂšles prĂ©cis d'architectures dans les compilateurs. En consĂ©quence, l'efficacitĂ© des compilateurs statiques dĂ©croĂźt. Actuellement, les compilateurs statiques sont enrichis d'informations dynamiques sur le comportement de l'architecture Ă  la maniĂšre des techniques d'optimisation basĂ©es sur les profiles d'exĂ©cutions ou des techniques de re-compilation dynamique. Malheureusement, seules quelques informations Ă©lĂ©mentaires sur le comportement de l'architecture sont utilisĂ©es. Dans cette thĂšse, nous montrons de quelle maniĂšre les interactions entre les diffĂ©rents composants d'une architecture rendent complexe le comportement des programmes et nous montrons qu'il est possible de capturer cette complexitĂ© pour en dĂ©duire les transformations Ă  apporter aux programmes. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© une mĂ©thode plus systĂ©matique pour adresser le problĂšme de la complexitĂ©. Nous proposons un processus itĂ©ratif d'optimisation manuelle basĂ© sur une analyse dynamique dĂ©taillĂ©e. Nous montrons expĂ©rimentalement l'efficacitĂ© de ce processus. Cette approche prĂ©sente potentiellement une stratĂ©gie pour guider de futurs environnements d'optimisation itĂ©ratifs et propose, dans l'immĂ©diat, un processus d'optimisation manuelle systĂ©matique pouvant ĂȘtre utilisĂ© par des ingĂ©nieurs ou des chercheurs

    MĂ©thodologie d'optimisation de programmes pour architectures complexes de processeurs

    No full text
    L'augmentation de la complexitĂ© des processeurs rend de plus en plus difficile l'intĂ©gration de modĂšles prĂ©cis d'architectures dans les compilateurs. En consĂ©quence, l'efficacitĂ© des compilateurs statiques dĂ©croĂźt. Actuellement, les compilateurs statiques sont enrichis d'informations dynamiques sur le comportement de l'architecture Ă  la maniĂšre des techniques d'optimisation basĂ©es sur les profiles d'exĂ©cutions ou des techniques de re-compilation dynamique. Malheureusement, seules quelques informations Ă©lĂ©mentaires sur le comportement de l'architecture sont utilisĂ©es. Dans cette thĂšse, nous montrons de quelle maniĂšre les interactions entre les diffĂ©rents composants d'une architecture rendent complexe le comportement des programmes et nous montrons qu'il est possible de capturer cette complexitĂ© pour en dĂ©duire les transformations Ă  apporter aux programmes. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© une mĂ©thode plus systĂ©matique pour adresser le problĂšme de la complexitĂ©. Nous proposons un processus itĂ©ratif d'optimisation manuelle basĂ© sur une analyse dynamique dĂ©taillĂ©e. Nous montrons expĂ©rimentalement l'efficacitĂ© de ce processus. Cette approche prĂ©sente potentiellement une stratĂ©gie pour guider de futurs environnements d'optimisation itĂ©ratifs et propose, dans l'immĂ©diat, un processus d'optimisation manuelle systĂ©matique pouvant ĂȘtre utilisĂ© par des ingĂ©nieurs ou des chercheurs.Because processor architectures are increasingly complex, it is increasingly difficult to embed accurate machine models within compilers. As a result, compiler efficiency tends to decrease. Currently, the trend is on top-down approaches: static compilers are progressively augmented with information from the architecture as in profile-based, iterative or dynamic compilation techniques. However, for the moment, fairly elementary architectural information is used. In this thesis, first, we show that understanding the complex interactions between programs and the numerous processor architecture components is both feasible and critical to design efficient program optimizations. We studied a more systematic method to address the complexity problem. Second, we propose an iterative process of manual optimization based on a detailed dynamic analysis. We show in experiments the effectiveness of this process. This approach presents a potential strategy for driving automatic iterative optimization environments in the future. This applied research work has the immediate benefit to provide a systematic manual optimization process which can be applied by engineers or researchers.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Étude comparĂ©e et simulation d'algorithmes de branchements pour le GPGPU

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    National audienceL'accélération d'applications généralistes à l'aide de processeurs graphiques (GPGPU) permet d'obtenir de bonnes performances pour un faible investissement. Toutefois, la structure interne de ces processeurs est largement inconnue et les compteurs de performances ne sont que peu ou pas accessibles. Cette absence contraint fortement les développeurs dans les optimisations qu'ils peuvent mettre en place pour ces architectures. Une solution est de simuler le comportement d'un programme afin de recueillir des statistiques d'exécution. Dans cet article nous présentons d'une part un simulateur fonctionnel de processeur graphique ciblé pour le GPGPU basé sur l'envi- ronnement de simulation modulaire UNISIM prenant en entré du code binaire CUDA pour processeurs NVIDIA. D'autre part, nous exposons la problématique de la gestion des branchements par prédication pour les architectures SIMD et effectuons un état de l'art des différentes solutions adoptées par les principaux constructeurs de GPU. Enfin, nous proposons une technique matérielle originale de suivi des branchements permettant de simplifier le jeu d'instructions utilisé, et la validons au moyen du simulateur

    Accélération de la simulation modulaire

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    National audienceLes processeurs actuels intĂšgrent de nombreuses unitĂ©s (calcul, mĂ©moire, contrĂŽle, cƓur), dupliquĂ©es ou vectorisĂ©es. Afin de tester de nouveaux concepts, les architectes utilisent des simulateurs. La principale qualitĂ© de ces simulateurs est leur modularitĂ©. Sans cette modularitĂ©, un simulateur ne peut pas suivre l'Ă©volution rapide des micro-architectures et devient de moins en moins reprĂ©sentatif. La modularitĂ© est aujourd'hui pour les simulateurs une qualitĂ© plus importante que la vitesse. Nous prĂ©sentons une mĂ©thodologie de vectorisation des simulateurs se substituant Ă  la multiplication des unitĂ©s, ce qui en amĂ©liore la vitesse de simulation. L'objectif de cette Ă©tude est de : (1) prĂ©senter une extension du protocole de communication UNISIM (August et al., 2007) entre les modules du simulateur, (2) introduire une mĂ©thodologie de dĂ©veloppement simple et systĂ©matique pour construire des simulateurs avec duplication des ressources, (3) Ă©tudier l'impact de notre mĂ©thodologie sur l'accĂ©lĂ©ration du temps de simulation et plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment du temps de passage dans l'ordonnanceur du moteur SystemC
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