Influence of pretreatment of radicular dentin with erbium lasers on bond strength of fiber reinforced posts and evaluation of their retention

Svrha rada bila je istražiti učinak ispiranja aktiviranog erbijskim laserima na čvrstoću svezivanja konfekcijskih i individualnih vlaknima ojačanih kolčića cementiranih samoadhezivnim cementima na dentin korijenskog kanala, te ispitati njihovu retenciju. Ekstrahirani zubi (n=162) instrumentirani su i napunjeni Reciproc tehnikom, te pripremljeni za postavljanje kolčića. U prvoj skupini (n=132) push-out testom ispitan je utjecaj vrste kolčića (GC FIBER POST ili everStick POST), načina obrade dentina (konvencionalno ispiranje fiziološkom otopinom, ispiranje fiziološkom otopinom i aktivacija PIPS nastavkom Er:YAG lasera ili ispiranje i aktivacija RTF2 nastavkom Er,Cr:YSGG lasera) i tipa samoadhezivnog cementa (G-CEM LinkAce, RelyX U200 ili SpeedCEM) na vrijednost čvrstoće svezivanja. Rezultati su izraženi u MPa, logaritmirani i analizirani faktorskim ANOVA testom (p≤0.05), te post-hoc Tukeyjevim testom. U drugoj skupini (n=30) pull-out testom ispitana je retencija vlaknima ojačanih kolčića (GC FIBER POST i everStick POST) cementiranih samoadhezivnim cementom s najboljim rezultatom push-out testa. Rezultati su izraženi u N i analizirani Studentovim t-testom (p≤0.05). Relacija između duljine cementiranog dijela kolčića i sile popuštanja analizirana je modelom linearne regresije (p≤0.05 ). Za čvrstoću svezivanja statistički značajni bili su način predtretmana dentina korijenskog kanala (p=0.025) te interakcija vrste kolčića i samoadhezivnog cementa. Za retenciju statistički značajna je bila relacija između duljine cementiranog dijela kolčića i vrijednosti retencije u skupini konfekcijskog vlaknima ojačanog kolčića (p=0.01). Ispiranje fiziološkom otopinom aktiviranom Er:YAG laserom smanjilo je čvrstoću svezivanja vlaknima ojačanih kolčića cementiranih samoadhezivnim cementima na dentin korijenskog kanala u odnosu na konvencionalno ispiranje fiziološkom otopinom. Retencija konfekcijskih vlaknima ojačanih kolčića ovisila je o duljini cementiranog dijela kolčića.Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of laser activated irrigation (LAI) with two erbium lasers on bond strength of prefabricated and individually formed fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts cemented with self-adhesive composite cements to root canal dentin and to examine their retention. Methods: One hundred sixty two (n=162) single-rooted human teeth were decoronated, endodontically treated and after post space preparation divided in two groups: group for evaluating bond strength using push-out test (n=132) and group for evaluating retention using pull-out test (n=30). In the first group, the teeth were further divided into two groups (n=66 per group) depending on the type of FRC posts: prefabricated GC FIBER POST (GC, Tokyo, Japan) and individually formed everStick POST (GC, Tokyo, Japan). Before cementation of posts, each group was subdivided into three subgroups (n=22 per group), according to the pretreatment of post space preparation: 1) conventional syringe irrigation with saline; 2) irrigation with saline and activation by Er:YAG laser with PIPS tip; 3) irrigation and activation by Er,Cr:YSGG laser with RFT2 tip. One specimen from each group was used for SEM evaluation to confirm the dentin pretreatment. The other specimens were divided into three groups (n=7 per group) according to the brand of self-adhesive cement: G-Cem LinkAce, SpeedCem and RelyX U200. After cementation, specimens were embedded into acrylic resin and perpendiculary sectioned into 1 mm thin sectiones. Push-out test was performed using universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). The sliced samples were evaluated by the stereomicroscope to determine the type of failure (adhesive, cohesive or mixed). Data were calculated as megapascals, log-tranformed and statistically analyzed using factorial ANOVA (p≤0.05) and post-hoc Tukey's test. Types of failure were analyzed using Pearson's test (p≤0.05). In the second group, for pull-out testing the teeth were divided into two groups (n=15 per group) depending on the type of FRC posts: prefabricated GC FIBER POST (GC, Tokyo, Japan) and individually formed everStick POST (GC, Tokyo, Japan). Post spaces were rinsed with saline and posts were cemented with self-adhesive cement that achieved the best overall results in push-out test, in this case G-Cem LinkAce. The pull-out test was performed using modified universal device (0.5 mm/min). The tearing force (Newtons) was recorded for each sample and data were statistically analyzed using Student's t-test. The relationship between length of the cemented part of post and failure load was examined using linear regression model (p≤0.05 ) Results: In the first group,similar bond strength values were obtained for everStick POSTS and GC FIBER POSTS (p=0.15).Type of self-adhesive cement was not found significantly effective on the push-out bond strength (p=0.86). The type of dentin pretreatment (p=0.025) and interaction between type of the FRC post and self-adhesive cement influenced the bond strength. In the second group, retention was not affected by the type of FRC post. Failure load values of prefabricated FRC post were dependent on length of the cemented part of post (p=0.01). Conclusions: Irrigation with saline activated by Er:YAG lowered bond strength of both types of FRC post cemented with different self-adhesive cements in comparison with conventional syringe irrigation with saline. Retention of prefabricated FRC post was influenced by length of cemented part of the post

Influence of pretreatment of radicular dentin with erbium lasers on bond strength of fiber reinforced posts and evaluation of their retention

Svrha rada bila je istražiti učinak ispiranja aktiviranog erbijskim laserima na čvrstoću svezivanja konfekcijskih i individualnih vlaknima ojačanih kolčića cementiranih samoadhezivnim cementima na dentin korijenskog kanala, te ispitati njihovu retenciju. Ekstrahirani zubi (n=162) instrumentirani su i napunjeni Reciproc tehnikom, te pripremljeni za postavljanje kolčića. U prvoj skupini (n=132) push-out testom ispitan je utjecaj vrste kolčića (GC FIBER POST ili everStick POST), načina obrade dentina (konvencionalno ispiranje fiziološkom otopinom, ispiranje fiziološkom otopinom i aktivacija PIPS nastavkom Er:YAG lasera ili ispiranje i aktivacija RTF2 nastavkom Er,Cr:YSGG lasera) i tipa samoadhezivnog cementa (G-CEM LinkAce, RelyX U200 ili SpeedCEM) na vrijednost čvrstoće svezivanja. Rezultati su izraženi u MPa, logaritmirani i analizirani faktorskim ANOVA testom (p≤0.05), te post-hoc Tukeyjevim testom. U drugoj skupini (n=30) pull-out testom ispitana je retencija vlaknima ojačanih kolčića (GC FIBER POST i everStick POST) cementiranih samoadhezivnim cementom s najboljim rezultatom push-out testa. Rezultati su izraženi u N i analizirani Studentovim t-testom (p≤0.05). Relacija između duljine cementiranog dijela kolčića i sile popuštanja analizirana je modelom linearne regresije (p≤0.05 ). Za čvrstoću svezivanja statistički značajni bili su način predtretmana dentina korijenskog kanala (p=0.025) te interakcija vrste kolčića i samoadhezivnog cementa. Za retenciju statistički značajna je bila relacija između duljine cementiranog dijela kolčića i vrijednosti retencije u skupini konfekcijskog vlaknima ojačanog kolčića (p=0.01). Ispiranje fiziološkom otopinom aktiviranom Er:YAG laserom smanjilo je čvrstoću svezivanja vlaknima ojačanih kolčića cementiranih samoadhezivnim cementima na dentin korijenskog kanala u odnosu na konvencionalno ispiranje fiziološkom otopinom. Retencija konfekcijskih vlaknima ojačanih kolčića ovisila je o duljini cementiranog dijela kolčića.Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of laser activated irrigation (LAI) with two erbium lasers on bond strength of prefabricated and individually formed fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts cemented with self-adhesive composite cements to root canal dentin and to examine their retention. Methods: One hundred sixty two (n=162) single-rooted human teeth were decoronated, endodontically treated and after post space preparation divided in two groups: group for evaluating bond strength using push-out test (n=132) and group for evaluating retention using pull-out test (n=30). In the first group, the teeth were further divided into two groups (n=66 per group) depending on the type of FRC posts: prefabricated GC FIBER POST (GC, Tokyo, Japan) and individually formed everStick POST (GC, Tokyo, Japan). Before cementation of posts, each group was subdivided into three subgroups (n=22 per group), according to the pretreatment of post space preparation: 1) conventional syringe irrigation with saline; 2) irrigation with saline and activation by Er:YAG laser with PIPS tip; 3) irrigation and activation by Er,Cr:YSGG laser with RFT2 tip. One specimen from each group was used for SEM evaluation to confirm the dentin pretreatment. The other specimens were divided into three groups (n=7 per group) according to the brand of self-adhesive cement: G-Cem LinkAce, SpeedCem and RelyX U200. After cementation, specimens were embedded into acrylic resin and perpendiculary sectioned into 1 mm thin sectiones. Push-out test was performed using universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). The sliced samples were evaluated by the stereomicroscope to determine the type of failure (adhesive, cohesive or mixed). Data were calculated as megapascals, log-tranformed and statistically analyzed using factorial ANOVA (p≤0.05) and post-hoc Tukey's test. Types of failure were analyzed using Pearson's test (p≤0.05). In the second group, for pull-out testing the teeth were divided into two groups (n=15 per group) depending on the type of FRC posts: prefabricated GC FIBER POST (GC, Tokyo, Japan) and individually formed everStick POST (GC, Tokyo, Japan). Post spaces were rinsed with saline and posts were cemented with self-adhesive cement that achieved the best overall results in push-out test, in this case G-Cem LinkAce. The pull-out test was performed using modified universal device (0.5 mm/min). The tearing force (Newtons) was recorded for each sample and data were statistically analyzed using Student's t-test. The relationship between length of the cemented part of post and failure load was examined using linear regression model (p≤0.05 ) Results: In the first group,similar bond strength values were obtained for everStick POSTS and GC FIBER POSTS (p=0.15).Type of self-adhesive cement was not found significantly effective on the push-out bond strength (p=0.86). The type of dentin pretreatment (p=0.025) and interaction between type of the FRC post and self-adhesive cement influenced the bond strength. In the second group, retention was not affected by the type of FRC post. Failure load values of prefabricated FRC post were dependent on length of the cemented part of post (p=0.01). Conclusions: Irrigation with saline activated by Er:YAG lowered bond strength of both types of FRC post cemented with different self-adhesive cements in comparison with conventional syringe irrigation with saline. Retention of prefabricated FRC post was influenced by length of cemented part of the post

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN AND SERBIAN FOOTBALL CLUBS

The aim of this paper is to present guidelines and perspective on observing objective circumstances and subjective factors which explain why European and Serbian two football clubs which have won most trophies, are where they are today. The sample of the analysis consists of six top European clubs and two of the most successful football clubs from Serbia. Football club ownership structures primarily depend on the government arrangement, i.e. the legislative norms of the state in which they exist. Football clubs in Serbia function as civic organizations. A comparative analysis of European and Serbian clubs has been conducted, by using the generally accepted Polonsky model of sports organizations.  It is easily applicable to football as well, and it is about 12 factors that influence one sports, in this case, football organization. As in many spheres, Serbian best clubs are far behind European standards. Sports success in qualifications for the European competitions and sporadic participation are more the result of sports performances and team strength than their organization and structure. While European football is becoming one of the most important elements of the economy and the society, contributing to improvement and changing cities, regions or countries, Serbian football is primarily a burden and an expense for the economy and the society

PRESCHOOL SPORT MANAGEMENT: THE ROLE OF BASIC SPORTS IN PRESCHOOLS

Basic sports management in preschools is an area on which, in the region of Southeast Europe, no country has particularly focused. Investing in preschool sports organization is necessary for several reasons: The first reason is to raise the level of the nation's health. The second reason relates to the prevention of illness in later life, and the third reason is the possibility of creating future athletes, or making a home base from which the most talented children would be directed to local clubs in sports in which they have shown interest in or talent for. It is essential for sports activities to be available to every child, and in order to achieve this, sports for children should be free of charge

Influence of Laser Activated Irrigation with Erbium Lasers on Bond Strength of Inidividually Formed Fiber Reinforced Composite Posts to Root Canal Dentin

Svrha: Željelo se in vitro istražiti učinak ispiranja aktiviranog različitim erbijskim laserima na čvrstoću vezivanja individualnog kolčića ojačanog vlaknima na dentin korijenskog kanala. Materijali i metode: Dvadeset i sedam jednokorijenskih zuba endodontski su tretirani i poslije preparacije za postavljanje intrakanalnog kolčića podijeljeni u tri skupine (n = 9 po skupini), ovisno o vrsti predtretmana korijenskog dentina: 1. skupina – konvencionalno ispiranje fiziološkom otopinom (kontrolna skupina); 2. skupina – ispiranje fiziološkom otopinom i aktivacija PIPS nastavkom lasera Er:YAG; 3. skupina – ispiranje i aktivacija RFT2 nastavkom lasera Er,Cr:YSGG. Dva uzorka iz svake skupine upotrijebljena su za SEM analizu. U preostale je (n = 7 po skupini) cementiran individualni kolčić ojačan vlaknima everStick POST – korišten je samoadhezivni cement G-CEM LinkAce. Nakon cementiranja uzorci su prerezani okomito na uzdužnu os na nove jedan milimetar debele uzorke koji su podvrgnuti push-out testiranju (0,5 mm/min.). Rezultati su zabilježeni u MPa-u, a logaritmirani i statistički analizirani su ANOVA testom na razini značajnosti od 5 posto. Rezultati: U kontrolnoj skupini zaostatni sloj bio je još prisutan, u skupni Er:YAG bio je uklonjen, a u skupini Er,Cr:YSGG bio je djelomično uklonjen. U skupini Er,Cr:YSGG postignute su najviše vrijednosti čvrstoće vezivanja, slijedila je kontrolna skupina i tek tada skupina Er:YAG. Ipak, među vrijednostima čvrstoće vezivanja spomenutih skupina nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika (p = 0,564). Zaključak: Ispiranje aktivirano nastavcima erbijskih lasera PIPS i RFT2 nije utjecalo na čvrstoću vezivanja individualnih kolčića ojačanih vlaknima na dentin korijenskog kanala.Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of laser activated irrigation (LAI) using two erbium lasers on bond strength of individually formed fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts to root canal dentin. Materials and methods: Twenty-seven single-rooted human teeth were endodontically treated and after post space preparation divided into three groups (n=9 per group), according to the pre-treatment of post space preparation: 1) Conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) and saline; 2) Er.YAG photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) technique and saline; 3) Er,Cr:YSGG activated irrigation with RFT2 tip. Two specimens from each group were used for SEM analysis. The remaining specimens (n=7 per group) received individually formed FRC post, everStick POST, luted with self-adhesive cement, G-CEM LinkAce. After cementation, the roots were perpendicularly sectioned into 1 mm thin sections and a push-out test was carried out (0.5 mm/min). The data were calculated as megapascals and were log transformed and statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA at the level of significance set at 5%. Results: In the control group, the smear layer was still present. In the Er:YAG group, the smear layer was removed. In the Er,Cr:YSGG group, the smear layer was partially removed. The Er,Cr:YSGG group achieved the highest bond strength values, followed by the control group and then the Er:YAG group, but no statistically significant difference was found in bond strength values in the tested group of post space pretreatment (p=0.564). Conclusions: LAI using two erbium lasers, with PIPS or RFT2 tip, did not affect the bond strength of individually formed FRC posts to root canal dentin

Sudoku in Python

U ovom radu oblikovana je poznata igra Sudoku. Igra je oblikovana u programskom jeziku Python, a sastoji se od 2 programa. Prvi je generator.py koji će izgenerirati slagalicu, drugi je sudoku.py koji pokreće igru. Za vizualiziranje i dokumentiranje procesa oblikovanja korišten je grafički jezik za unificirano modeliranje ( eng. Unified modeling language – UML) u obliku programske podrške, preciznije, alat White Star UML. Za izradu igre Sudoku korištena su dva python modula: Tkinter i NumPy. Korisnik će unositi svoje odgovore na platno (Canvas – atribut Tkinter-a) te će se igra svaki put ponovno učitati sa unesenim brojem, sve dok korisnik ne završi slagalicu. Generiranje ploče i računanja s matricama napravljena su uz pomoć bibliotekom NumPy.In this paper, the famous Sudoku game is formed. The game is made with Python programming language and it consists of 2 programs. The first is generator.py that wil generate the puzzle, and the second is sudoku.py that triggers the game.Visualization and documentation of design process is made with UML (Unified Modeling Language) language in the form of program support, more precisely, the White Star UML tool. Sudoku game is created with two Python modules: Tkinter and Numpy. The user will sumbit their replies to canvas – Tkinter attribute, and the game will reload new board with that answer, until the puzzle is solved. Generating boards and computing with matrices was created with the help of the NumPy library

Knowledge of undergraduate nursing students about exposure incident, prevention and post-exposure procedures

SAŽETAK: Ekspozicijski incident nastaje kada krv ili drugi potencijalno zarazni materijal dođe u dodir s okom, ustima, sluznicama ili čak netaknutom kožom. Najopasniji virusi koji se prenose krvlju ili drugim tjelesnim tekućinama / tkivima su hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) i virus humane imunodeficijencije (HIV). Predekspozicijska zaštita poput rukavica, pregača, vizira te procijepljenost protiv Hepatitisa B kao ključ sigurnosti, kao i edukacija zdravstvenih djelatnika, postekspozicijska prijava slučaja i obrada te postekspozicijska profilaksa trebaju biti zastupljeni i zapamćeni u svakoj etapi obavljanja sestrinske profesije. CILJ: Procijeniti znanja studenata prijediplomskog studija sestrinstva o ekspozicijskom incidentu, prevenciji i postekspozicijskim mjerama; utvrditi razlike u znanju prema demografskim karakteristikama; ispitati učestalost ekspozicijskog incidenta u profesionalnom radu ili tijekom izvođenja kliničkih vježbi među studentima; usporediti razlike u postupcima u slučaju ekspozicijskog incidenta prema demografskim karakteristikama i razine znanja. METODE: U svibnju 2023.godine provedeno je presječno istraživanje u kojem su sudjelovala 274 studenta Sveučilišnog odjela zdravstvenih studija, Sveučilišnog prijediplomskog studija sestrinstva. U cilju prikupljanja podataka izrađen je ankteni upitnik koji je sadržavao 20 pitanja znanja o ekspozicijskom incidentu, prevenciji i postekspozicijskim mjerama. REZULTATI: Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u znanju o ekspozicijskom incidentu, prevenciji i postekspozicijskim mjerama između ispitanika koji su u radnom odnosu u usporedbi s onim ispitanicima koji nisu u radnom odnosu u području sestrinstva (P=0,064). Veću razinu znanja o ekspozicijskom incidentu pokazali su studenti prve i druge godine (Medijan=65,00) u usporedbi sa studentima treće godine (Medijan=60,00), što je bilo statistički značajno različito P=0,014. Nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u spremnosti ispitanika za prijavljivanje incidenta s obzirom na razinu postignutog znanja P=0,048, kao što se statistički beznačajno pokazala duljina razdoblja od završetka edukacije čime se ne povećava spremnost na prijavljivanje ekspozicijskog incidenta P=0,013. ZAKLJUČAK: Statističkom analizom dobivenih rezultata, studenti Sestrinstva u Splitu pokazali su nedovoljnu razinu znanja o ekspozicijskom incidentu, prevenciji i postekspozicijskim mjerama. Usprkos tome što se većina studenata izjasnila kako im nije potrebna dodatna edukacija, kao ključ uspjeha u radu buduće medicinske sestre/tehničara jest upravo kontinuirana edukacija s ciljem podizanja svjesnosti o sigurnosti na radnom mjestu.SUMMARY: Exposure incident is occurring when blood or other potentially contagious material comes into contact with eye, mouth, mucous membrane or even non-intact skin. The most dangerous viruses witch are transmitted by blood or other body liquids/tissue are Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Preexposure protection like gloves, apron, visors and vaccination against hepatitis B as key of safety, so as education of medical workers postexposure case report and evaluation as well as postexposure prophylaxis should be represented and remembered in every phase of nurse profession. OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the knowledge of nursing undergraduate students about the exposure incident, prevention and post-exposure measures; determine differences in knowledge according to demographic characteristics; examine the frequency of exposure incidents in professional work or during the performance of clinical exercises among students; to compare the differences in procedures in case of an exposure incident according to demographic characteristics and level of knowledge. METHODS : In May 2023, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in which 274 students of the Nursing Health Study in Split participated. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was formulated with 20 knowledge questions about the exposure incident, prevention and post-exposure measures. RESULTS : The obtained results indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in knowledge of exposure incident, prevention and post-exposure measures between subjects who are employed compared to those subjects who are not employed in the field of nursing (P = 0.064). A higher level of knowledge of the exposure incident was demonstrated by first- and second-year students (Median=65.00) compared to third-year students (Median=60.00), which was statistically significantly different P=0.014. There was no statistically significant difference in the subjects' readiness to report an incident with regard to the level of knowledge achieved P =0.048, just as the length of the period since the end of the education was statistically insignificant, which does not increase the willingness to report an exposure incident P =0.013. CONCLUSION: Through the statistical analysis of the obtained results, Nursing students in Split showed an insufficient level of knowledge about the exposure incident, prevention and post-exposure measures. Despite the fact that the majority of students declared that they do not need additional education, the key to success in the work of a future nurse/technician is precisely constant education and awareness of one's own health

Sudoku in Python

U ovom radu oblikovana je poznata igra Sudoku. Igra je oblikovana u programskom jeziku Python, a sastoji se od 2 programa. Prvi je generator.py koji će izgenerirati slagalicu, drugi je sudoku.py koji pokreće igru. Za vizualiziranje i dokumentiranje procesa oblikovanja korišten je grafički jezik za unificirano modeliranje ( eng. Unified modeling language – UML) u obliku programske podrške, preciznije, alat White Star UML. Za izradu igre Sudoku korištena su dva python modula: Tkinter i NumPy. Korisnik će unositi svoje odgovore na platno (Canvas – atribut Tkinter-a) te će se igra svaki put ponovno učitati sa unesenim brojem, sve dok korisnik ne završi slagalicu. Generiranje ploče i računanja s matricama napravljena su uz pomoć bibliotekom NumPy.In this paper, the famous Sudoku game is formed. The game is made with Python programming language and it consists of 2 programs. The first is generator.py that wil generate the puzzle, and the second is sudoku.py that triggers the game.Visualization and documentation of design process is made with UML (Unified Modeling Language) language in the form of program support, more precisely, the White Star UML tool. Sudoku game is created with two Python modules: Tkinter and Numpy. The user will sumbit their replies to canvas – Tkinter attribute, and the game will reload new board with that answer, until the puzzle is solved. Generating boards and computing with matrices was created with the help of the NumPy library