In vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of a standardized Rhinacanthus nasutus leaf extract in comparison with its major active constituent rhinacanthin-C

Rhinacanthus nasutus (R. nasutus) leaf extract was prepared and standardized to obtain rhinacanthins rich extract that contained total rhinacanthin-C (Rn-C) of not less than 70% w/w. Rn-C was also isolated from the standardized R. nasutus leaf extract (SRLE). SRLE was investigated on pain and inflammatory models in parallel with its main naphthoquinone constituent, Rn-C in order to compare their efficacy in experimental animals. The analgesic activities of SRLE and Rn-C were evaluated by the acetic acid-induced writhing test, a hot-plate test and formalin test at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory activities were investigated by carrageenan induced paw edema and the cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats at doses of 80, 160, and 320 mg/kg. SRLE and Rn-C inhibited the acetic acid induced writhing in a dose dependent manner; inhibited the early phase of the formalin test at 80 mg/kg and the late phase at 40 and 80 mg/kg. However, none of the tested doses were effective in protecting against the hot plate test. In the animal models of inflammation, SRLE and Rn-C dose dependently inhibited edema formation in the carrageenan induced paw edema and suppressed granuloma formation in the cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats. The effects of SRLE in these tests were similar to those of the Rn-C. This study confirms the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of SRLE and Rn-C in animal models as well as demonstrating that they have a similar efficacy

Plumbagin production by root cultures of Plumbago rosea

Root cultures of Plumbago rosea Linn. were established from young leaf explants on solid Gamborg's B5 (B5) medium supplemented with the combination of \u3b1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and kinetin in the concentration ranges of 0.5-2.0 mg/l and 0.1-0.5 mg/l, respectively. The production of plumbagin, determined by TLC-densitometry was higher [0.016 \ub1 0.0030% dry weight (DW)] in cultured roots obtained from B5 medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l NAA and 0.1 mg/l kinetin. Plant selection increased the plumbagin production to 0.129 \ub1 0.0139% DW, while variation of sucrose and nitrogen (as (NH4)2SO4) concentration in B5 media slightly increase the plumbagin synthesis to 0.023 \ub1 0.0017 and 0.020 \ub1 0.0015% DW, respectively

Plumbagin production by root cultures of Plumbago rosea

Root cultures of Plumbago rosea Linn. were established from young leaf explants on solid Gamborg's B5 (B5) medium supplemented with the combination of á-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and kinetin in the concentration ranges of 0.5-2.0 mg/l and 0.1-0.5 mg/l, respectively. The production of plumbagin, determined by TLC-densitometry was higher [0.016 ± 0.0030% dry weight (DW)] in cultured roots obtained from B5 medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l NAA and 0.1 mg/l kinetin. Plant selection increased the plumbagin production to 0.129 ± 0.0139% DW, while variation of sucrose and nitrogen (as (NH4)2SO4) concentration in B5 media slightly increase the plumbagin synthesis to 0.023 ± 0.0017 and 0.020 ± 0.0015% DW, respectively

Formulation of Gel Containing Phenylbutenoid Extract for Pain Relief

Objective: A phenylbutenoid extract (PE) was obtained from Zingiber cassumunar rhizomes. Phenylbutenoids; namely DMPBD, compound D, and compound D acetate, have been identified as major anti-inflammatory and analgesic constituents. This present study aimed to formulate a gel containing PE that could be used as an alternative ultrasound gel for acute or chronic inflammatory treatment. Material and Methods: Gel formulations containing 0.5, 1, and 2% w/w PE were prepared using Carbopol 934 and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC 4,000) as gelling agents. The contents of phenylbutenoids were quantified by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PE gels were studied on physicochemical properties and accelerated stability tests. The PE gels, F2 and F5, were used to evaluate the release of phenylbutenoids using a modified Franz diffusion cell. In the skin permeation study, the 2% PE gels were applied either with or without a 0.8 W/cm2 intensity ultrasound for 2, 5, and 10 min. Results: Based on physicochemical properties and accelerated stability tests, F2 and F5 formulations showed good stability. The release kinetics of 0.5% and 1% and 2% w/w PE of both formulations were best fit to Higuchi’s model and zero-order model, respectively. In the skin permeation study, PE gel combined with ultrasound application for 2 min exhibited higher phenylbutenoids in the skin and also a shorter lag time than PE gel application alone. Conclusion: The gel containing 2% w/w phenylbutenoid extract was suggested as an alternative ultrasound gel containing an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in phonophoresis

Chamuangone-enriched rice bran oil ameliorates neurodegeneration in haloperidol-induced Parkinsonian rat model via modulation of neuro-inflammatory mediators and suppression of oxidative stress markers

A natural bioactive compound chamuangone extracted from Thai salad Garcinia cowa leaves exhibited robust medicinal properties, targeting central oxidative stress pathways, and having neuroprotective potential. Chamuangone-enriched rice bran oil (CERBO), with 1.97 mg/mL chamuangone, was obtained through green extraction. The study was designed to evaluate the anti-Parkinson’s activity of CERBO in the haloperidol-induced Parkinsonian rat model. Animals were categorized into six groups as control, disease control and treatment groups. Parkinson’s disease (PD)-like symptoms were induced by administration of haloperidol 1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally; CERBO treatment groups received 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg/kg orally before the administration of haloperidol for 21 days. Neurobehavioral, biochemical, neurochemical, and histopathological studies along with gene expression analysis were performed at the completion of the study. CERBO markedly recover the motor and non-motor PD-like symptoms in treatment groups dose-dependently. The levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase, increased, while malondialdehyde levels decreased dose-dependently in CERBO-treated groups. CERBO dose-dependent elevations were observed in neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline). PD-associated specific biomarker (α-synuclein) decreased dose-dependently with downregulation in messenger RNA expression of neuro-inflammatory mediators (interleukin α, interleukin 1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α). Histopathological studies revealed recovery in neuronal loss, formation of Lewy’s bodies, and neurofibrillary tangles in the treatment groups. It was concluded from the data that CERBO possessed good anti-Parkinson’s activity and could be a novel, safe, and effective remedy for the treatment of PD.peer-reviewe

Screening of antibacterial activity of herbal extracts against propionibacterium acnes and establishment of standardization method

Prince of Songkla Universit

Bioassay-guided isolation of the antioxidant constituent from Cassia alata L. leaves

Using DPPH radical scavenging assay to investigate the antioxidant activity of crude methanol extracts from the leaves, flowers and pods of Cassia alata L. found that the leaf extract exhibited a stronger antioxidant activity than the extracts from the flowers and pods. On the basis of DPPH radical scavenging assay-guided isolation, the methanol extract of C. alata leaves was separated by silica gel vacuum chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration chromatography afford a light yellowish powder (CA1), which was identified as kaempferol. This compound exhibited antioxidant activity (ED50 9.99 μM) that was six times stronger than that of BHT (ED50 57.41 μM) and fifty eight times stronger than that of emodin (ED50 578.87 μM)

Distribution of hydroxyanthracene derivatives in Cassia alata and the factors affecting the quality of the raw material

Analyses have been carried out on the content of hydroxyanthracene derivatives of the leaves, flowers and pods of Cassia alata, which had been collected at different harvesting times and different leaf-positions. It was found that when the leaves had been harvested in March, June or September, the hydroxyanthracene derivatives were accumulated more in the leaf-positions 1-3 (1.82, 1.25, 1.63 %w/w, respectively) and 4-6 (1.39, 1.58, 1.09 %w/w, respectively). In December (the flowering and fruiting season), hydroxyanthracene derivatives were accumulated more in the flowers (2.21%w/w) and the pods (1.82 %w/w), respectively. The method and temperature of drying markedly affected the hydroxyanthracene derivative content. Drying of the leaves in a hot air oven at 50ºC gave a higher hydroxyanthracene derivative content (1.43 %w/w) than drying in a hot air oven at 80ºC (0.44 %w/w) or drying in the sun (0.95 %w/w). Study on the stability of hydroxyanthracene derivatives in C. alata leaf powder, which was kept in tight container at room temperature, found that the hydroxyanthracene derivative content did not decrease within 9 months