The Process of Identity development in young Afghan 1.5 generation refugees in England: A Narrative Inquiry

The context of the past 40 years show that Afghanistan produces one of the largest numbers of refugees due to the ongoing conflicts. However, this group's experiences are often looked through a politicised, quantitative lens in research. Existing psychological literature on Afghan refugees highlights the psychological distress of various generations (Alemi et al., 2014; Mghir et al., 1995; Panter-Brick et al., 2009). However, there is an identified gap in psychological research on Afghan youth. Those who have arrived in England at specific developmental stages of their life have been identified as a unique generation. Through a narrative approach, this research focuses on enabling policy makers and academics to better understand the nuances associated with Afghan youth who had arrived between ages six and twelve, the 1.5’ers. The aim is to explore stories of how the youth recall their experiences of developing identity as refugees in England. Five participants, three females and two males, who identified as Afghan, were recruited. All participants had arrived in England between the ages of six and ten and participated aged between 20-32. This research uses narrative methods and semi-structured interviews. A four staged Dialogical Narrative Analysis was designed for this study to analyse the stories as they emerged. The emerging narratives presented the different processes that individuals experienced. Many participants spoke of loss and finding self, as many navigated complex social dilemmas. This process involves aspects of resilience against misconceptions that came from their social interactions and the growing activism towards homeland. In essence, the findings demonstrate the complexity and nuanced experiences and stories. The stories present the various actors and influences from society which impacted the participants as young children but equally as they formed their adult identities. The stories present the impact of microaggressions, experiences of inequality and feelings of having their identities dictated by others who are perceived to hold more power. The narratives highlight the need to be listened to and given opportunities to build their own identities. It emphasises the need for continued dialogues and interactions to reduce misunderstandings and assumptions about the experiences of identity. This study informs our existing understanding of how Afghan youth begin to narrate their identities, an area highly linked to general psychological wellbeing. The analysis of stories comes with the awareness of the cultural perspective, a unique contribution to the research world. We begin to explore the roles main characters play in refugee youth identity development such as the role of family and media. Social context has a highly important role in this and experiences, such as those from school establishments, continue to impact identity through to adulthood. This study can inform educational psychology, social and political policies and encourage better access to appropriate resources in the context of youth refugees. Subsequently, this can facilitate their individual identity development from a culturally appropriate perspective

S100B Protein as a Post-traumatic Biomarker for Prediction of Brain Death in Association With Patient Outcomes

Background: S100B is a calcium-binding protein, belonging to the S100 family proteins which are characterized by their high solubility and, currently, comprises 21 members which are expressed in a cell-specific manner. If we can predict the possibility of definite brain death after brain injury, we will rescue some organs of body to transplant proposes. Objectives: In this regard our study focused on the S100B protein value in predicting brain death after head trauma. In this study, the use of serum level of protein S100, 24 hours after trauma has been considered as a reliable index for predicting brain death. Patients and Methods: 72 patients (50 male and 22 female) aged 5 - 80 years old (median 40 ± 17.72 years) with severe head traumas (GCS ≤ 8) were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and computed tomography (CT) scan findings were recorded for all patients, and then a single 5mL blood sample was obtained from each patient on admission, after 48 hours and a week later or after brain death to determine the level of S100B protein. Results: Primary and the last GCS of patients had a predictive value in determining brain death (P < 0.0005), also there was a significant correlation between GCS and level of S100B protein. There was a significant correlation between CT scan findings and S100B protein only after 48 hours of trauma. Conclusions: Changes in S100B protein, especially the levels of this dimer 48 hours after trauma can be used as marker to predict brain death. Alongside other known prognostic factors such as age, GCS and diameters of the pupils, however, this factor individually can not conclusive predict the patient's clinical course and incidence of brain death. However, it is suitable to use GCS, CT scan, clinical symptoms and biomarkers together for a perfect prediction of brain death

Ultracold quantum gases in triangular optical lattices

Over the last years the exciting developments in the field of ultracold atoms confined in optical lattices have led to numerous theoretical proposals devoted to the quantum simulation of problems e.g. known from condensed matter physics. Many of those ideas demand for experimental environments with non-cubic lattice geometries. In this paper we report on the implementation of a versatile three-beam lattice allowing for the generation of triangular as well as hexagonal optical lattices. As an important step the superfluid-Mott insulator (SF-MI) quantum phase transition has been observed and investigated in detail in this lattice geometry for the first time. In addition to this we study the physics of spinor Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) in the presence of the triangular optical lattice potential, especially spin changing dynamics across the SF-MI transition. Our results suggest that below the SF-MI phase transition, a well-established mean-field model describes the observed data when renormalizing the spin-dependent interaction. Interestingly this opens new perspectives for a lattice driven tuning of a spin dynamics resonance occurring through the interplay of quadratic Zeeman effect and spin-dependent interaction. We finally discuss further lattice configurations which can be realized with our setup.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figure

THE ROLE OF HENRY MARTYN, A CHRISTIAN PRIEST, IN CONFRONTING IRANIAN SHIITE CLERICS

Henry Martyn (1781—1812), an English priest, during his tenure in India, decided to introduce Christianity not only among the Hinduists, but also among the Arabs and Persians, so he began translating the New Testament into Arabic and Persian to this end. In 1811, being a little familiar with Persian language and literature, he came to Iran and showed his translation to Iranian scholars who found it rather childish. Martyn resumed translating and had another trip to Shiraz to improve his Persian language skills. While in Shiraz, he confronted and challenged the Shiite clerics. His intention was to propagate Christianity, and he thus aimed more to invite and challenge the youth. Meanwhile, several treatises were written in response to his questions and doubts about Islam, and he also tried to refute these treatises in due course. The research was based on the archival record, and its main goal was to reveal and interpret the content of the messages of the Shiite clerics in response to Martyn's judgments as well as the content of Martyn's own responses to them. It turns out that during these religious debates and the opinion exchange between Islamic treatises and Martyn's writings, the missioner's utterances became less and less valuable to the Iranians, and especially to those who accepted his views, but he did not give up until Mohammad Reza Ibn Mohammad Amin Hamedani wrote the treatise “Guidance of the Misguided” to dispel Martyn's doubts. This treatise was the culmination of Martyn's anti-Islamic rhetoric in Iran. Failing to fulfill his religious mission, he left Iran without achieving his main goal of meeting Fath Ali Shah and Abbas Mirza to present the Persian version of the New Testament to them with his own hands, and soon after, on his way back home, he died in Turkey

2 and 3-dimensional Hamiltonians with Shape Invariance Symmetry

Via a special dimensional reduction, that is, Fourier transforming over one of the coordinates of Casimir operator of su(2) Lie algebra and 4-oscillator Hamiltonian, we have obtained 2 and 3 dimensional Hamiltonian with shape invariance symmetry. Using this symmetry we have obtained their eigenspectrum. In the mean time we show equivalence of shape invariance symmetry and Lie algebraic symmetry of these Hamiltonians.Comment: 24 Page

Adaptation of the application waspar to new linux distributions

Peer Reviewe

Comparison of the arrhythmogenicity of acepromazine, xylazine and their combination in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats

Preanesthetic medications are often used in combination with injectable anesthetics in a variety of laboratory animal species. Simultaneous administration of sedative drugs, such as alpha2-adrenergic agonists and phenothiazines, provides muscle relaxation and reduces induction doses of anesthetic agents. However, these drugs may have significant cardiovascular and arrythmogenic effects which may contribute to anesthetic morbidity and mortality (Dyson et al., 1998).Results of previous reports indicate that xylazine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, may sensitize the myocardium to epinephrine in dogs anesthetized with halothane (Muir et al., 1975; Tranquilli et al., 1986), isoflurane (Tranquilli et al., 1988) and ketamine (Wright et al., 1987); whereas, acepromazine, a phenothiazine tranquilizer, possessed a protective action against catecholamine-induced arrhythmia in dogs anesthetized with halothane (Muir et al., 1975; Dyson &amp; Pettifer, 1997). The male rat has been used as an animal model to determine the arrhythmic doses of epinephrine during halothane and isoflurane anesthesia (Laster et al., 1990). Rats are commonly used for scientific research and may be anesthetized using injectable or inhalant anesthetic agents for a variety of surgical procedures (Flecknell, 2009); however, injectable anesthetics are commonly preferred in a laboratory setting.Pentobarbital, as a short acting barbiturate anesthetic, is used for short surgical procedures in rats. It is rapidly absorbed following intraperitoneal administration and provide anesthesia for up to 60 min in the rat (Flecknell, 2009).The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of clinical doses of acepromazine, xylazine and their combination on the occurrence of epinephrine induced arrhythmia in rats under pentobarbital anesthesia