A feasible methodology for landslide susceptibility assessment in developing countries: A case study of NW Nicaragua after Hurricane Mitch

In October 1998, Hurricane Mitch triggered a large number of landslides (mainly debris flows) in Honduras and Nicaragua, resulting in a high death toll and in considerable damage to property. In recent years, a number of risk assessment methodologies have been devised to mitigate natural disasters. However, due to scarcity of funds and lack of specialised personnel few of these methodologies are accessible to developing countries. To explore the potential application of relatively simple and affordable landslide susceptibility methodologies in such countries, we focused on a region in NW Nicaragua which was among the most severely hit during the Mitch event. Our study included (1) detailed field work to produce a high-resolution inventory landslide map at 1 : 10,000 scale, and (2) a selection of the relevant instability factors from a Terrain Units Map which had previously been generated in a project for rural development. Based on the combination of these two datasets and using GIS tools we developed a comparative analysis of failure-zones and terrain factors in an attempt to classify the land into zones according to the propensity to landslides triggered by heavy rainfalls. The resulting susceptibility map was validated by using a training and a test zone, providing results comparable to those reached in studies based in more sophisticated methodologies. Thus, we provide an example of a methodology which is simple enough to be fully comprehended by non-specialised technicians and which could be of help in landslide risk mitigation through implementation of non-structural measures, such as land planning or emergency measures

Combining surface exposure dating and burial dating from paired cosmogenic depth profiles. Example of El Límite alluvial fan in Huércal-Overa basin (SE Iberia)

Cosmogenic nuclide depth-profiles are used to calculate the age of landforms, the rates at which erosion has affected them since their formation and, in case of deposits, the paleo-erosion rate in the source area. However, two difficulties are typically encountered: 1) old deposits or strongly affected by cosmogenic nuclide inheritance often appear to be saturated, and 2) a full propagation of uncertainties often yields poorly constrained ages. Here we show how to combine surface-exposure-dating and burial-dating techniques in the same profile to get more accurate age results and to constrain the extent of pre-depositional burial periods. A 10Be-26Al depth-profile measured in an alluvial fan of SE Iberia is presented as a natural example

A multiple dating-method approach applied to the Sanabria Lake moraine complex (NW Iberian Peninsula, SW Europe)

New evidence in the NW region of the Iberian Peninsula (c. 42º N 6 ºW) of a glacial advance coeval with the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) of the Marine Isotope Stage 2 has been identified through a dataset of exposure ages based on 23 10Be concentration measurements carried out on boulder samples taken from a set of latero-frontal moraines. Results span the interval 19.2e15.4 10Be ka, matching the last deglaciation period when Iberia experienced the coldest and driest conditions of the last 25 ka, and are consistent with Lateglacial chronologies established in other mountain regions from SW Europe. The extent of the LGM stade identified in this work is similar to the local maximum ice extent stade recorded and dated as prior to 33 ka using radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence. This work showcases how multiple-dating approaches and detailed geomorphological mapping are required to reconstruct realistic palaeoglacier evolution models

First evidence of paleoearthquakes along the Carboneras Fault Zone (SE Iberian Peninsula): Los Trances site

Seismogenic faults that have not produced historical large earthquakes remain unnoticed and, thus, are dangerously left out from seismic hazard analyses. The seismogenic nature of the Carboneras Fault Zone, a left-lateral strikeslip fault in the Eastern Betic Shear Zone (southeastern Spain), has not been fully explored to date in spite of having a morphological expression equivalent to the Alhama de Murcia Fault, a seismogenic fault in the same tectonic system. This study provides the first paleoseismic evidence of the seismogenic nature of the Carboneras Fault Zone, based on the analysis of 3 trenches at Los Trances site, on the northwestern edge of the La Serrata Range. Cross cutting relationships and numerical dating, based on radiocarbon, thermoluminescence and U-series, reveal a minimum of 4 paleoearthquakes: Paleoearthquake1 (the oldest) and Paleoearthquake2 took place after 133ka, Paleoearthquake3 occurred between 83-73ka and Paleoearthquake4 happened after 42.5ka (probably after 30.8ka), resulting in a maximum possible average recurrence of 33ka. This value, based on a minimum amount of paleoearthquakes, is probably overestimated, as it does not scale well with published slip-rates derived from offset channels or GPS geodetical data. The characterization of this fault as seismogenic, implies that it should be considered in the seismic hazard analyses of the SE Iberian Peninsula

Refining seismic parameters in low seismicity areas by 3D trenching: The Alhama de Murcia fault, SE Iberia.

Three-dimensional paleoseismology in strike-slip faults with slip rates less than 1 mm per year involves a great methodological challenge. We adapted 3D trenching to track buried channels offset by the Alhama de Murcia seismogenic left-lateral strike-slip fault (SE Iberia). A fault net slip of 0.9 +/- 0.1 mm/yr was determined using statistical analysis of piercing lines for one buried channel, whose age is constrained between 15.2 +/- 1.1 ka and 21.9-22.3 cal BP. This value is larger and more accurate than the previously published slip rates for this fault: The minimum number of five paleo-earthquakes identified since the deposition of dated layers suggests a maximum average recurrence interval of approximately 5 ka. The combination of both seismic parameters yields a maximum slip per event between 53 and 63 m. We show that accurately planned trenching strategies and data processing may be key to obtaining robust paleoseismic parameters in low seismicity areas. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

First evidence of paleoearthquakes along the Carboneras Fault Zone (SE Iberian Peninsula) : Los Trances site

Seismogenic faults that have not produced historical large earthquakes remain unnoticed and, thus, are dangerously left out from seismic hazard analyses. The seismogenic nature of the Carboneras Fault Zone, a left-lateral strikeslip fault in the Eastern Betic Shear Zone (southeastern Spain), has not been fully explored to date in spite of having a morphological expression equivalent to the Alhama de Murcia Fault, a seismogenic fault in the same tectonic system. This study provides the first paleoseismic evidence of the seismogenic nature of the CarbonerasFault Zone, based on the analysis of 3 trenches at Los Trances site, on the northwestern edge of the La Serrata Range. Cross cutting relationships and numerical dating, based on radiocarbon, thermoluminescence and U-series, reveal a minimum of 4 paleoearthquakes: Paleoearthquake1 (the oldest) and Paleoearthquake2 took place after 133ka, Paleoearthquake3 occurred between 83-73ka and Paleoearthquake4 happened after 42.5ka (probably after 30.8ka), resulting in a maximum possible average recurrence of 33ka. This value, based on a minimum amount of paleoearthquakes, is probably overestimated, as it does not scale well with published slip-rates derived from offset channels or GPS geodetical data. The characterization of this fault as seismogenic, implies that it should be considered in the seismic hazard analyses of the SE Iberian Peninsula

Geologia de l'Illa de Livingston (Shetland del Sud, Antàrtida). Del Mesozoic al Present

[cat] Aquest treball es basa en les dades recollides al llarg de quatre campanyes de camp a l'Illa de Lívingston (Shetland del Sud. Antàrtida). L'objectiu principal és donar una visió coherent de la geologia del conjunt de l'illa, dins del seu marc geològic regional. La tesi comprèn (1) una síntesi geològica regional, (2) una compilació de dades sobre la geologia mesozoica a quaternària de l'Illa de Livingston i (3) una discussió de diversos punts clau de l'evolució geològica, amb especial èmfasi en la geomorfologia i la història quaternària. Els resultats més importants els sintetitzem a continuació: L'Illa de Lívingston es divideix en diversos blocs tectònics. Les falles que separen els diferents blocs estan directament relacionades amb l'obertura del rift neògen de Bransfield. La tectònica de blocs influencia les variacions espacials en la intensitat d'erosió, l'aflorament de nivells més o menys profunds de la successió estratigràfica i. conjuntamente amb l'erosió diferencial, la distribució de les unitats fisiogràfiques. Les plataformes d'erosió marina que es troben fins a una altitud de 120 m tenen una edat de Miocè inferior a Pleistocè. Aquestes plataformes s'han pogut formar únicament durant els estatges interglacials o durant períodes interglacials anteriors, quan el substrat es trobava parcialment descobert de gel i era susceptible a ser afectat pels processos d'erosió marina. Les Illes Shetland del Sud, probablement han experimentat aixecament tectònic des dels inicis de l'obertura del rift de Branstield. L'aixecament tectònic no ha superat la velocitat nutjana de 0.4 m/ka. A aquest aixecament tectònic relativament lent, l'arxipèlag ha estat afectat per altres moviments verticals d'orígen glàcio-isostàtic, molt més ràpids, associats a les fluctuacions glacials del Quaternari i del Terciari superior. Durant el Darrer Màxim Glacial (al voltant de 21-18 ka B.P.), el gruix màxim de glaç a 1'Illa de Livingston probablement se situava entre 500 i 700 m. amb la qual cosa el glaç es trobava en contacte amb el substrat rocós fins a una profunditat de més de 400 m per sota del nivell del mar actual. Aquesta reconstrucció és compatible amb la presència d'un únic casquet glacial que hauria recobert el conjunt de l'arxipèlag de les Shetland. Si el temps de desglaçament proposat per la zona de la Peninsula Antàrtica és correcte (al voltant de 10 ka B.P.), el nivell de màxima inundació durant l'Holocè no hauria superat els 25-30 m. El desglaçament de l'arxipèlag i de la Península Antàrtica ha produït un aixecament glàcioisostàtic des de 10 ka B.P. L'emersió resultant ha permès la sedimentació de les platges aixecades Holocenes. Aquest model evolutiu implica que les platges situades a més de 30 m d'altitud sobre el nivell del mar actual han de ser pre-Holocenes, que es van haver de sedimentar durant algun període interglacial pleistocè i que han d'haver-se preservat parcialment, malgrat haver estat cobertes pel gel durant una o més glaciacions. El registre glacial a l'Illa de Livingston permet de reconèixer un mínim de quatre fases glacials. Les dues fases glacials més antigues tenen una edat superior a 6.000 a B. P. i probablement registren fases d'estabilització o reavenç glacial associades al darrer màxim glacial o a la deglaciació posterior. Les dues fases glacials més recents són posteriors a 720 ka B.P. i s'inclouen dins de la Petita Edat del Gel.[eng] Livingston Island is divided into several tectonic blocks. Faults bounding these blocks are directly related to opening of the Neogene Bransfield rift Tectonic block movements influence the spatial variations in erosion intensity, the outcrop of deeper or shallower stratigraphic levels and, together with differential erosion, the distribution of physiographic units. Marine erosion platforms located at around 120 m and below have an early Miocene to late Pleistocene age. Platforms could only have been cut during interglaciations or nonglacial periods, when the substrate was locally free of ice and susceptible lo modification by marine processes. The South Shetland Islands probably underwent tectonic uplift after the first stages in the evolution of Bransfield rift. The tectonic uplift was produced at an average of less than 0.4 m/ka. Superimposed on this relatively slow tectonic uplift movement, the archipelago has been affected by other much faster vertical movements of glacio-isostatic origin, associated with Quatenary and late Tertiary glacial fluctuations. During the Last Glacial Maximum (around 21 to 18 ka), Ice on Livingston Island probably had a maximum thickness of about 500 to 700 m and was grounded at depths of more than 400 m below present sea level, which is consistent with a single ice cap covering the whole central South Shetland Islands. If the assumed timing of deglaciation in the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula is correct, the maximum Holocene inundation would not have been 25 to 30 m. Deglaciation of the archipelago and the Antarctic Peninsula has produced glacio-isoslatic uplift since 10 ka BP. The resulting emergence allowed deposition of the Holocene raised beaches. This evolutive model implies that beaches or residual beaches above 30 m must have been deposited during interglaciations prior to the Holocene and must have been partially preserved in spite of being covered by ice during one or more glaciations. Several glacial phases are recognised from at least 6.4 ka BP to Present. We distinguish two recent glacial phases, at 720-330 years BP and at 300 years BP to Present

Volcanic stratigraphy of Hannah Point, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

The Upper Cretaceous volcanic succession of Hannah Point is the best exposure of the Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group on L ivingston Island. The aim of the present paper is to contribute to the characterisation of the stratigr a p hy and petrogr a p hy of this little studied succession, and briefly discuss some aspects of the eru p t ive style of its volcanism. The succession is about 470 m thick and is here subdivided into five lithostratigraphic units (A to E from base to top). Unit A, approximately 120 m thick, is mainly composed of polymict clast-supported volcaniclastic breccias and also includes a dacitic lava laye r. Interstratified in the breccias of this unit, there is a thin laminated devitrified layer which shows some degree of welding. Unit B, approx imately 70 m thick, is almost entirely composed of volcaniclastic breccias, and includes a volcaniclastic conglomerate laye r. Breccias in this unit can be subdivided into two distinct types; polymict clast-supported breccias, and monomict matrix-supported breccias rich in juvenile components and displaying incipient welding. Unit C, about 65 m thick, is mainly composed of basaltic lavas, which are interlayered with minor vo lcaniclastic breccias. Unit D, approximately 65 m thick, is lithologically similar to unit B, composed of an alternation of polymict clasts upported breccias and matrix-supported breccias, and includes a volcaniclastic conglomerate laye r. Unit E, about 150 m thick, is mainly formed of thick andesitic lava layers. Minor basaltic dykes and a few normal faults cut the succession, and the contact betwe e n units A and B can be interpreted both as an unconformity or a fault. The matrix-supported breccias included in the succession of Hannah Point have high contents of juvenile components and incipient welding, which suggest that part of the succession is the result of pyroclastic fragmentation and emplacement from pyroclastic flows. In contrast, the polymict clast-supported breccias suggest reworking of previous deposits and deposition from cool mass flows. The lavas indicate eff u s ive volcanic eruptions, and the absence of features indicative of subaqueous volcanism suggests that at least these portions of the succession were emplaced in a subaerial environment

Mesozoic geology of Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.

Al Cap de Shirr e ff (Fig. 1) hi aflora una successió volcànica de com a mínim 450 m de potència, constituïda principalment per laves i, en menor proporció, bretxes vulcanoclàstiques (Fig. 2). Les laves són basalts olivínics subalcalins i andesites basàltiques, que generalment tenen un aspecte massiu. Tot i això, la successió volcànica localment forma una alternança decimètrica de nivells durs i tous, amb potències va r i a bles i presència local de discordances angulars i onlaps, que reflecteixen geometries deposicionals complexes. A la zona nord del Cap de Shirr e ff hi ha aflorament de bretxes vulcanoclàstiques d"aspecte massiu, que localment tenen intercalacions de laves..

Combining surface exposure dating and burial dating from paired cosmogenic depth profiles. Example of El Límite alluvial fan in Huércal-Overa basin (SE Iberia)

Cosmogenic nuclide depth-profiles are used to calculate the age of landforms, the rates at which erosion has affected them since their formation and, in case of deposits, the paleo-erosion rate in the source area. However, two difficulties are typically encountered: 1) old deposits or strongly affected by cosmogenic nuclide inheritance often appear to be saturated, and 2) a full propagation of uncertainties often yields poorly constrained ages. Here we show how to combine surface-exposure-dating and burial-dating techniques in the same profile to get more accurate age results and to constrain the extent of pre-depositional burial periods. A 10Be-26Al depth-profile measured in an alluvial fan of SE Iberia is presented as a natural example