Supplementary Material for: Prestroke Dementia: Characteristics and Clinical Features in Consecutive Series of Patients

<b><i>Background/Aim:</i></b> The prestroke level of cognitive function should be taken into account in order to predict the impact of stroke on the subsequent risk of dementia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and correlates of prestroke dementia (PSD) as well as to identify its clinical features. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Premorbid clinical and cognitive features of 158 consecutively recruited patients with a diagnosis of acute cerebrovascular pathology were assessed by interviewing the caregivers using multidimensional assessment. Patients were divided into two groups (PSD group and prestroke nondemented group). Baseline cognitive, functional and behavioral variables and neuroradiological hallmarks (medial temporal lobe atrophy, MTLA) were compared between these two groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In a logistic regression model, older age (OR 1.05), female gender (OR 2.3), Neuropsychiatric Inventory total score (OR 1.1) and MTLA (OR 1.2) were the variables independently associated with PSD. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> These findings support the hypothesis that cognitive impairment in patients with stroke may not only be a direct consequence of the acute cerebrovascular event but also a consequence of underlying neurodegenerative pathology

Supplementary Material for: Mild Cognitive Impairment and Progression to Dementia in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

<strong><em>Background:</em></strong> Cognitive deficits are common in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), but their relevance and the progression to dementia are still poorly described. The recently revised criteria for PSP consider cognitive dysfunction in the diagnostic work-up. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The study retrospectively evaluated a series of 99 PSP patients with Richardson syndrome (PSP-RS), subgrouped according to cognitive and behavioural performances into PSP with normal cognition (PSP-NC), PSP with mild cognitive impairment (PSP-MCI), and PSP with dementia (PSP-D). The progression to dementia at the 3-year follow-up was assessed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> At baseline, 15.2% of patients were classified as PSP-NC, 43.4% as PSP-MCI, and 41.4% as PSP-D. During the 3-year follow-up, 21 out of 29 patients, previously classified as PSP-NC or PSP-MCI, converted to dementia, with an incidence rate of 241 per 1,000 patients/year. Nineteen out of 21 PSP patients (90%) developed the behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia phenotype. The only factor associated with conversion to dementia was MCI diagnosis at baseline (<i>p</i> = 0.023). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Cognitive decline occurs in a great proportion of PSP-RS patients early during the disease course. In the absence of a specific phenotype, the diagnosis of MCI might identify PSP patients at greatest risk of developing dementia and should be considered further in the diagnostic assessment

Supplementary Material for: Fatigue-related changes of daily function: most promising measures for the digital age

Background: Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases, and is strongly associated with impaired daily function. The measurement of daily function is currently almost always done with questionnaires, which are subjective and imprecise. With the recent advances of digital wearable technologies, novel approaches to evaluate daily function quantitatively and objectively in real life conditions are increasingly possible. This also creates new possibilities to measure fatigue-related changes of daily function using such technologies. Summary: This review examines in immune-mediated inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, which parameters may have the greatest potential to reflect fatigue-related changes of daily function. Key Messages: Results of a standardized analysis of the literature reporting about perception-, capacity- and performance-evaluating assessment tools indicate that changes of the following parameters: physical activity, independence of daily living, social participation, working life, mental status, cognitive and aerobic capacity, and supervised and unsupervised mobility performance have the highest potential to reflect fatigue-related changes of daily function. These parameters thus hold the greatest potential for quantitatively measuring fatigue in representative diseases in real life conditions, e.g. with digital wearable technologies. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is a new approach to analysing evidence for the design of performance-based digital assessment protocols in human research, which may stimulate further systematic research in this area