SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Spondyloarthritis Patients Treated With Biotechnological Drugs: A Study on Serology

ObjectiveSerology could help to define the real extent of SARS-CoV-2 diffusion, especially in individuals considered at higher risk of COVID-19, such as spondyloarthritis (SpA) patients undergoing immunosuppressant. Our aim was to detect, by serology, previous SARS-CoV-2 contact in SpA, compared to health care workers (HCW), and healthy controls.MethodsSera from consecutive patients affected by SpA undergoing cytokine-targeted therapy, HCW and healthy controls from 2015 were analysed through chemiluminescent analytical system for the presence of IgG and IgM anti-SARS-CoV-2. Positive patients (IgM or IgG, or both) additionally underwent real-time Polymerase-Chain-Reaction (RT-PCR) to test for active infection. Serology was repeated at 3-months in SpA. Data across 3 groups were compared by Kruskal Wallis/Chi-square, and between 2 groups by Wilcoxon rank test/Chi-Square. P ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.Results200 SpA, 95 HCW and 101 controls were recruited. Positive serology was found in 25(12.5%) SpA, 8(8.4%) HCW, 0(0%) controls (p=0.001). SpA patients with positive serology more frequently reported COVID-19-like symptoms than those with negative serology (20% vs. 4%, p=0.009) and 2 had COVID-19 as confirmed by RT-PCR, non severe. No HCW reported symptoms or had positive RT-PCR. In SpA patients, at 3 months, mean IgM titres decreased from 2.76 ± 2.93 to 2.38 ± 2.95 (p=0.001), while IgG titres from 0.89 ± 3.25 to 0.31 ± 0.87 (p=ns).ConclusionsSerology revealed that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in SpA patients and HCW was higher than expected based on reported symptoms. In SpA, anti-cytokine therapy could act as a protective factor for a severe disease course. However, a seroconversion was not observed at 3-months

Composti organici idrosolubili come indicatori nello studio dei processi di scambio atmosfera-neve in Antartide

La frazione organica è un’importante componente dell’aerosol atmosferico e i composti organici idrosolubili costituiscono un 40-60% del carbonio organico presente in atmosfera. Tali composti hanno una grande importanza ambientale in quanto possono influenzare l’igroscopicità delle particelle di aerosol e conseguentemente l’abilità di agire come nuclei di condensazione delle nubi. I composti organici idrosolubili possono essere utilizzati come indicatori di specifiche sorgenti di emissione. Processi di trasporto a lunga distanza sono stati studiati utilizzando il levoglucosan, specifico indicatore di combustione di biomassa, [1], mentre la determinazione di amminoacidi e zuccheri nell’aerosol antartico ha permesso di investigare i processi di formazione e di trasformazione del bioaerosol [2,3]. L’Antartide rappresenta un ottimo laboratorio naturale perché risulta lontano da fonti antropogeniche ed emissioni continentali. In questo studio sono state analizzate diverse classi di composti idrosolubili quali amminoacidi, metossifenoli, mono- e disaccaridi, alcol zuccheri, anidrozuccheri, specie anioniche e cationiche e acidi carbossibili in campioni di aerosol atmosferico e neve superficiale raccolti presso il sito costiero di Campo Faraglione vicino alla Stazione Mario Zucchelli (Antartide) durante la XXX spedizione italiana antartica (estate australe 2014-2015). Il principale obiettivo di questo lavoro consiste nello studio dei processi di scambio atmosfera-neve al fine di individuare nuovi indicatori per lo studio delle carote di ghiaccio. La conoscenza dei processi di deposizione e di possibile degradazione delle specie chimiche nel manto nevoso è fondamentale per capire l’applicabilità di tali composti a studi paleoclimatici. Questo lavoro è stato finanziato dal Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (PNRA) mediante il progetto “Scambi e relazioni aria-neve per elementi in tracce e composti organici di interesse climatico” (2013/AZ3.04). Bibliografia [1] R. Zangrando et al., (2016), Science of the Total Environment 544, 606–616. [2] E. Barbaro et al., (2015) Atmospheric Environment, 118, 134-144. [3] E. Barbaro et al., (2015) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 5457–5469

Caratterizzazione dimensionale dei composti solubili in acqua nella frazione ultrafine, fine e grossolana dell’aerosol urbano

Lo scopo di questo lavoro consiste nello studio della composizione chimica della frazione idrosolubile dell’aerosol atmosferico in funzione del diametro delle particelle in un’area urbana. La composizione chimica delle particelle in funzione della loro dimensione influisce notevolmente sul ruolo ambientale, tossicologico e legislativo dell’aerosol atmosferico. Per la prima volta, questo studio può fornire un utile strumento analitico ambientale per indagare la composizione della frazione ultrafine dell’aerosol urbano. Nel sito urbano di Mestre-Venezia sono stati raccolti 14 campioni di aerosol in un periodo compreso tra marzo e maggio 2016, utilizzando un impattore MOUDI II che ha permesso di suddividere l’aerosol in 12 frazioni dimensionali (>18 μm; 18-10 μm; 10-5.6 μm; 5.6-3.2 μm; 3.2- 1.8 μm; 1.8-1 μm; 1-0.56 μm; 0.56 -0.32 μm; 0.32-0.18 μm; 0.18-0.1 μm; 0.1-0.056 μm; <0.056 μm). Ciascuno dei 168 supporti campionati è stato pesato in un camera bianca ISO 7 ed estratto in acqua ultrapura con ultrasuoni. L’estratto acquoso è stato analizzato mediante IC-MS per la determinazione di specie ioniche (ioni maggiori, acido metansolfonico, acidi carbossilici) e zuccheri (alcol zuccheri, anidrozuccheri, mono- e disaccaridi) e mediante HPLC-MS/MS per la determinazione di L- e D- amminoacidi, composti fenolici, composti di degradazione dell’α-pinene. I risultati ottenuti evidenziano che le specie idrosolubili analizzate rappresentano mediamente tra il 14% ( 1 μm) sono il sodio, il calcio e il nitrato mentre la frazione fine (<1 μm) è caratterizzata da alte concentrazioni di solfato, ammonio e acidi carbossilici. Nitrato e solfato sono invece le specie caratteristiche della frazione nano (<100 nm). Per ciascuna classe di composti studiata è stata indagata la sorgente di emissione e la relativa distribuzione in funzione del diametro delle particelle. Ad esempio, lo studio di L e D-amminoacidi ha dimostrato che l’amminoacido a più alta concentrazione è la glicina, segue L-prolina, L-arginina, acido L-glutammico e D-alanina. Le alte concentrazioni della glicina, principalmente presente nella frazione fine (180 nm - 1 μm), sono legate alla stabilità del composto, mentre la L-prolina che deriva da spore si distribuisce maggiormente nella frazione grossolana. Considerato l’elevato numero di specie analizzate, è stato applicato un approccio chemiometrico che ha permesso di individuare quattro specifiche sorgenti di emissione: emissione marina primaria, emissione marina di specie secondarie, combustione di biomassa e una sorgente mista. Mentre i composti che caratterizzano la sorgente marina primaria si distribuiscono nella frazione grossolana dell’aerosol (>1 μm), i composti secondari di origine marina si distribuiscono sulle particelle più fini (<1 μm), come anche i composti specifici della combustione di biomassa

First Results of the &#8220;Carbonaceous Aerosol in Rome and Environs (CARE)&#8221; Experiment: Beyond Current Standards for PM10

In February 2017 the “Carbonaceous Aerosol in Rome and Environs (CARE)” experiment was carried out in downtown Rome to address the following specific questions: what is the color, size, composition, and toxicity of the carbonaceous aerosol in the Mediterranean urban background area of Rome? The motivation of this experiment is the lack of understanding of what aerosol types are responsible for the severe risks to human health posed by particulate matter (PM) pollution, and how carbonaceous aerosols influence radiative balance. Physicochemical properties of the carbonaceous aerosol were characterised, and relevant toxicological variables assessed. The aerosol characterisation includes: (i) measurements with high time resolution (min to 1–2 h) at a fixed location of black carbon (eBC), elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), particle number size distribution (0.008–10 μ m), major non refractory PM1 components, elemental composition, wavelength-dependent optical properties, and atmospheric turbulence; (ii) 24-h measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration, water soluble OC and brown carbon (BrC), and levoglucosan; (iii) mobile measurements of eBC and size distribution around the study area, with computational fluid dynamics modeling; (iv) characterisation of road dust emissions and their EC and OC content. The toxicological assessment includes: (i) preliminary evaluation of the potential impact of ultrafine particles on lung epithelia cells (cultured at the air liquid interface and directly exposed to particles); (ii) assessment of the oxidative stress induced by carbonaceous aerosols; (iii) assessment of particle size dependent number doses deposited in different regions of the human body; (iv) PAHs biomonitoring (from the participants into the mobile measurements). The first experimental results of the CARE experiment are presented in this paper. The objective here is to provide baseline levels of carbonaceous aerosols for Rome, and to address future research directions. First, we found that BC and EC mass concentration in Rome are larger than those measured in similar urban areas across Europe (the urban background mass concentration of eBC in Rome in winter being on average 2.6 ± 2.5 μ g · m − 3 , mean eBC at the peak level hour being 5.2 (95% CI = 5.0–5.5) μ g · m − 3 ). Then, we discussed significant variations of carbonaceous aerosol properties occurring with time scales of minutes, and questioned on the data averaging period used in current air quality standard for PM 10 (24-h). Third, we showed that the oxidative potential induced by aerosol depends on particle size and composition, the effects of toxicity being higher with lower mass concentrations and smaller particle size. Albeit this is a preliminary analysis, findings reinforce the need for an urgent update of existing air quality standards for PM 10 and PM 2.5 with regard to particle composition and size distribution, and data averaging period. Our results reinforce existing concerns about the toxicity of carbonaceous aerosols, support the existing evidence indicating that particle size distribution and composition may play a role in the generation of this toxicity, and remark the need to consider a shorter averaging period (&lt;1 h) in these new standards

Stroke management during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: experience from three regions of the north east of Italy (Veneto, Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, Trentino-Alto-Adige)

Background: Efficiency of care chain response and hospital reactivity were and are challenged for stroke acute care management during the pandemic period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in North-Eastern Italy (Veneto, Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, Trentino-Alto-Adige), counting 7,193,880 inhabitants (ISTAT), with consequences in acute treatment for patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: We conducted a retrospective data collection of patients admitted to stroke units eventually treated with thrombolysis and thrombectomy, ranging from January to May 2020 from the beginning to the end of the main first pandemic period of COVID-19 in Italy. The primary endpoint was the number of patients arriving to these stroke units, and secondary endpoints were the number of thrombolysis and/or thrombectomy. Chi-square analysis was used on all patients; furthermore, patients were divided into two cohorts (pre-lockdown and lockdown periods) and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to test differences on admission and reperfusive therapies. Results: In total, 2536 patients were included in 22 centers. There was a significant decrease of admissions in April compared to January. Furthermore, we observed a significant decrease of thrombectomy during the lockdown period, while thrombolysis rate was unaffected in the same interval across all centers. Conclusions: Our study confirmed a decrease in admission rate of stroke patients in a large area of northern Italy during the lockdown period, especially during the first dramatic phase. Overall, there was no decrease in thrombolysis rate, confirming an effect of emergency care system for stroke patients. Instead, the significant decrease in thrombectomy rate during lockdown addresses some considerations of local and regional stroke networks during COVID-19 pandemic evolution

Aerosol and snow transfer processes: An investigation on the behavior of water-soluble organic compounds and ionic species

The concentrations of water-soluble compounds (ions, carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars, phenolic compounds) in aerosol and snow have been determined at the coastal Italian base "Mario Zucchelli" (Antarctica) during the 2014-2015 austral summer. The main aim of this research was to investigate the air-snow transfer processes of a number of classes of chemical compounds and investigate their potential as tracers for specific sources.The composition and particle size distribution of Antarctic aerosol was measured, and water-soluble compounds accounted for 66% of the PM10 total mass concentration. The major ions Na+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42- made up 99% of the total water soluble compound concentration indicating that sea spray input was the main source of aerosol. These ionic species were found mainly in the coarse fraction of the aerosol resulting in enhanced deposition, as reflected by the snow composition.Biogenic sources were identified using chemical markers such as carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and phenolic compounds. This study describes the first characterization of amino acids and sugar concentrations in surface snow. High concentrations of amino acids were found after a snowfall event, their presence is probably due to the degradation of biological material scavenged during the snow event. Alcohol sugars increased in concentration after the snow event, suggesting a deposition of primary biological particles, such as airborne fungal spores. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

O processo de apropriação social das novas tecnologias: as contribuições da televisão digital na formação e atuação dos professores da educação básica

A pesquisa tem como desafio a avaliação, interpretação e proposição de ações destinadas à formação dos educadores, agentes fundamentais no processo educativo escolar, a partir da utilização das tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC), tendo nos programas educativos da Televisão Digital (TVD) um recurso voltado à instrumentalização ou à apropriação dos instrumentos teóricos e práticos necessários à análise, interpretação e atuação dos docentes e discentes frente aos problemas e desafios apresentados pela prática social cotidiana. Considerando os conteúdos, a metodologia, os objetivos (finalidades) e os vínculos estabelecidos com o contexto, elementos fundamentais no processo educativo, a formação dos professores para utilizar os recursos e as possibilidades das tecnologias no trabalho educativo escolar e extraescolar é de extrema necessidade e urgência. Num contexto, marcado pelos avanços tecnológicos e científicos, a Escola deve, como nos alertou o educador Célestin Freinet, ser contemporânea de sua época, para tanto, a formação do professor responsável pelo processo educativo, requer contínua atualização profissional, ou seja, necessita ser alfabetizado para as mídias, para o ensino dos conteúdos como o auxílio dos meios. Os veículos midiáticos digitiais são meios importantes de acesso às informações e aos conhecimentos e podem proporcionar avanços significativos se disponibilizados nos vários espaços educativos formais e informais. A TVD, por meio da disponibilidade de conteúdos educativos veiculados na programação e com possibilidades de acesso a conteúdos extras e da interação, poderá representar um ambiente tanto para o acesso como de intercâmbio de experiências, vivências e conhecimentosThe search has a challenge the evaluation, interpretation and proposition of actions designed to educators' formation, fundamental agents in the educational shoool process, by the use of information and communication technologies (TIC), having the educative programs of Digital Television (TVD) a resource returned to the teaching of how to use a tool or to the appropriation of the theoretical and practical tools necessary to analysis, interpretation and acting of faculty and students in front of problems and challenges presented by daily social practice. Considering the contents, the methodology, the objectives (purposes) and established links with the context, fundamental elements in the educative process, the formation of the teachers to use technological resources and possibilities on educative school and extra school work is extremely urgent and need. In a context market by the technological and scientific advances, the School must be contemporaneous of its time, as warned us the educator Célestin Freinet , in order to, the formation of the teacher who responsible by the educative process requires continue professional actualization, in other words, the teacher needs to be literate for the media, for the teaching of the contents with the help of these. The digital media vehicles are important ways of information and knowledge access and may provide significant advances if available on the several formal and informal educative spaces. The TVD, by the availability of educational content conveyed on programming and with possibilities of extra contents access and by the interaction, may represents an ambience for the accesss both as for the exchange of experiments, experiences and knowledg

Synthesis and Application of Perfluoroalkyl Quaternary Ammonium Salts in Protein-Based Fire-Fighting Foam Concentrates

Nine perfluoroalkyl quaternary ammonium salts containing a perfluorinated tail were synthesized in order to evaluate their properties as additives in protein-based fire-fighting foam concentrates. They were obtained in high yield starting from (perfluoro-n-octyl)methyl oxirane via a two-step reaction scheme. Their structures were identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Surface tension, interfacial tension, critical micellar concentration, and spreading coefficient of aqueous solutions of the synthesized compounds were first determined. Synthetic perfluoroalkyl quaternary ammonium salts were then added at reduced concentration (0.5 wt.%) to a commercial protein-based fire-fighting foam concentrate and their effects on foam spreading properties were further investigated via five specific laboratory tests: sealing time test, burn back time test, foam expansion test, drain time test, and foam flowing test. Results showed that the perfluoroalkyl quaternary ammonium salts strongly influence surface and extinguishing properties of protein-based fire-fighting foam concentrates, producing stable foams able to spread spontaneously over hydrocarbons and forming aqueous films with enhanced organic-vapor sealing properties

Programas educativos a televisão digital ambientes propícios para a formação continuada de professores

Este artigo pretende trazer reflexões sobre as possibilidades da televisão digital para a formação continuada dos professores, a partir da produção e divulgação dos conteúdos formais e informais veiculados, ainda, analisar a teleducação como ferramenta de apoio à prática pedagógica interativa, envolvendo educadores, pesquisadores e demais profissionais da Educação e a formação de uma cultura digital que poderá colaborar com a formação continuada de professores, agentes fundamentais no processo educativo escolar, a partir da utilização das tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC). Para tanto, a formação do professor responsável pelo processo educativo requer a contí- nua atualização profissional para o ensino dos conteúdos com o auxílio dos veículos midiáticos digitais, tendo nos programas educativos da Televisão Digital (TVD) um recurso voltado à “instrumentalização” desses profissionais. A TVD, por meio da disponibilidade de acesso a conteúdos extras e da interação, poderá representar um ambiente tanto para o acesso, como de troca de experiências, vivências e conhecimentos