Ecuador: Gestión del balance social para entidades financieras de la economía popular y solidaria

http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4294864 The purpose of this article is to synthesize the application of instruments to measure the management of the Social Balance in financial entities of the Popular and Solidarity Economy, which allows adaptation to a real socioeconomic context. Based on a systematic review of literature in Social Balance publications and models, established through quantitative and qualitative indicators generated through the seven universal cooperative principles. The application of indicators is executed under the use of formulas that will allow the identification of shortcomings and possible solutions based on the results obtained, which may be comparable from one year to the next, contributing to generate social responsibility, having as a priority the human being before the economic and financial activities of the institutions that carry it out.http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4294864 El presente trabajo tiene como propósito sintetizar la aplicación de instrumentos para medir la gestión del Balance Social en entidades financieras de la Economía Popular y Solidaria, que permita adaptarse a un contexto socioeconómico real. Está basado en una revisión sistemática de literatura, en publicaciones, y en modelos de Balance Social, establecidos mediante indicadores cuantitativos y cualitativos generados a través de los siete principios cooperativos universales. La aplicación de indicadores se ejecuta bajo la utilización de fórmulas que permitirá identificar falencias fundamentadas en los resultados obtenidos que podrán ser comparables de un año a otro contribuyendo a generar responsabilidad social, teniendo como prioridad al ser humano ante las actividades económicas y financieras de las instituciones que lo realicen

Bono de Desarrollo Humano. Exploratory analysis from the perspective of the beneficiaries of Loja canton

El artículo tiene por objetivo analizar el efecto de las transferencias monetarias condicionadas en el Ecuador, que es, una herramienta que se utiliza para mejorar los niveles de pobreza extrema. También, se pretende a través de la investigación identificar si realmente beneficia a sus perceptores del cantón Loja y el uso real que tiene el bono en las familias. Se busca llamar la atención sobre las dimensiones de implementación y diseño de programas de BDH que requieren mayor investigación, por tal razón, se considera algunos aspectos relevantes desde su asignación hasta la focalización en el consumo; en un contexto de territorialidad. Se utiliza un método exploratorio con perspectiva mixta, utilizando además un enfoque cualitativo el cual es relevante en la recolección de información, que se integra con un análisis descriptivo comparativo con estudios de investigaciones previas aplicado a una muestra de 60 personas que responden a preguntas como ¿En qué utiliza el dinero del BDH?, ¿Qué tiempo percibe el Bono?, ¿Cómo califica el proceso del Bono? Los resultados muestran que las mujeres enfocan el gasto hacia la alimentación, mientras que los hombres utilizan mayoritariamente para la salud y otros. El tiempo que perciben el bono promedio entre 1 a 10 años, parámetro que llama la atención en el sentido si realmente la transferencia les permite a sus beneficiarios salir de la pobreza extrema.The article aims to analyze the effect of conditional cash transfers in Ecuador, which is a tool used to improve the levels of extreme poverty. It is also intended through research to identify whether it really benefits its recipients in Loja canton and the actual use of the voucher in families. We seek to draw attention to the dimensions of implementation and design of BDH programs that require further research, for this reason, we consider some relevant aspects from its allocation to the targeting of consumption, in a context of territoriality. An exploratory method with a mixed perspective is used, also using a qualitative approach that is relevant in the collection of information, which is integrated with a comparative descriptive analysis with studies of previous research applied to a sample of sixty people who respond to questions such as: How do you use the BDH money? How long do you receive the Bono?  How do you rate the Bono process? The results show that women focus their spending on food, while men use it mostly for health and others. The average time they receive the voucher is between 1 and 10 years, a parameter that draws attention to whether the transfer really allows its beneficiaries to escape from extreme poverty.O artigo visa analisar o efeito das transferências condicionais de dinheiro no Equador, que é uma ferramenta utilizada para melhorar os níveis de pobreza extrema. Além disso, a pesquisa visa identificar se ela realmente beneficia seus beneficiários no cantão Loja e o uso real que o vale tem sobre as famílias. Ela procura chamar a atenção para as dimensões de implementação e concepção de programas BDH que requerem mais pesquisas, por este motivo, alguns aspectos relevantes são considerados, desde sua alocação até o direcionamento do consumo, em um contexto territorial. É usado um método exploratório com uma perspectiva mista, utilizando também uma abordagem qualitativa que é relevante na coleta de informações, que é integrada com uma análise descritiva comparativa com estudos de pesquisas anteriores aplicados a uma amostra de 60 pessoas que respondem a perguntas como Como você usa o dinheiro da BDH, Quanto tempo você recebe o Bono, Como você avalia o processo do Bono? Os resultados mostram que as mulheres concentram seus gastos na alimentação, enquanto os homens utilizam o dinheiro principalmente para a saúde e outros fins. O tempo médio de recebimento do comprovante é entre 1 e 10 anos, um parâmetro que chama a atenção para se a transferência realmente permite que seus beneficiários escapem da pobreza extrema

Estudio comparativo del microcrédito en la Comunidad Andina. Una mirada al 2020

The objective of this article was to analyze the microcredits granted in four countries of the Andean Community: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. A descriptive-qualitative approach was used to expose the aspects associated with microcredits, reviewing available secondary information such as: publications, legal norms, bulletins, academic articles, and websites of the Superintendencies and Banks available in the four countries. The analysis was based on the comparison of relevant characteristics associated with microcredit, such as: amounts, terms, interest rates, delinquency rates and regulatory structure. Microfinance shows a remarkable development in the four South American countries, considering an average of 12.44% of loans placed as microcredit, in terms of costs are considered high rates, reaching 41.83% in Colombia, which undermines the reason why the microcredit was created, in terms of risk, the country with the lowest delinquency rate is Bolivia with 2%. Microcredits have contributed significantly to the economies of the four countries, especially for the population lacking opportunities, and in some cases have improved their standard of living.El artículo se realizó con el objetivo de analizar los microcréditos otorgados en cuatro países de la comunidad andina: Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Bolivia, Se utilizó un enfoque descriptivo-cualitativo para exponer los aspectos asociados a los microcréditos, se revisó información secundaria disponible como: publicaciones, normas legales, boletines, artículos académicos, y sitios web de la Superintendencias y Bancos disponibles de los cuatro países. El análisis se fundamentó en la comparación de características relevantes asociadas a los microcréditos, tales como: montos, plazos, tasas de interés, tasa de morosidad y estructura regulatoria. Las micro finanzas muestran un notable desarrollo en los cuatro países de América del Sur, considerando en promedio 12,44 % de créditos colocados como microcrédito, en cuanto a costos se consideran tasas altas, llegando a 41,83 % en Colombia, que desvirtúa la razón por las que fue creado el microcrédito, en cuanto al riesgo, el país con menor índice de morosidad es Bolivia con el 2 %. Los microcréditos han aportado significativamente a la económica de los cuatro países, orientados especialmente a la población carente de oportunidades y en ciertos casos han mejorado su nivel de vida

El rendimiento de los emprendimientos financiados por el Crédito de Desarrollo Humano (CDH) en Ecuador

http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7415902 The Human Development Credit (CDH) is a mechanism created by the Ecuadorian government as a complementary program to the Human Development Bond (BDH), whose objective is to create financial autonomy for the beneficiaries of the bond. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the real destination of the CDH and its impact on the performance of the enterprise. In addition, it is required to know if the beneficiaries of the program of interest comply with the purpose established by the MIES through this program. This research makes use of the documentary information available in the records of the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion about the beneficiaries of the BDH and the CDH; additionally, the methodology of exploratory analysis is used for which 242 surveys were conducted with beneficiaries of the microcredit granted by the State. The research population is located mainly in the urban parishes of Loja canton. In addition, with the application of the Kruskall-Wallis test, profitability variables and credit destinations are crossed, it was determined that the yields vary according to the sector where the investment is made, likewise, that the manufacturing industry is the one that grants better returns in relation to the other activities, while the destinations such as animal husbandry, agriculture among others do not grant significant differences, in addition there is a concentration in the activity of animal husbandry. Also, it is important to mention that not all respondents reported having started a business; that is, the money was not used in the generation of a business, but was used in activities such as debt repayment, purchase of electronic equipment, among others.http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7415902 El Crédito de Desarrollo Humano (CDH) es un mecanismo creado por el Gobierno ecuatoriano como programa complementario al Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH), cuyo objetivo es crear autonomía financiera en los beneficiarios del bono. El presente trabajo plantea como objetivo evaluar el destino real del CDH y su impacto en el rendimiento del emprendimiento. Además, se requiere conocer si los beneficiarios del programa de interés cumplen con el propósito establecido por el MIES a través de este programa. Esta investigación hace uso de la información documental disponible en los registros del Ministerio de Inclusión Económica y Social acerca de los beneficiarios del BDH y del CDH; adicionalmente, se utiliza la metodología del análisis exploratorio para lo cual se levantaron 242 encuestas a beneficiarios del microcrédito otorgado por el Estado. La población investigada se localiza principalmente en las parroquias urbanas del cantón Loja. Además, con la aplicación de la prueba Kruskall-Wallis se cruzan variables de rentabilidad y los destinos del crédito, se determinó que los rendimientos varían según el sector en donde se invierta, así mismo, que la industria manufacturera es la que mejores réditos otorga en relación con las otras actividades, mientras que los destinos como crianza de animales, agricultura entre otras no otorgan diferencias significativas, además se observa una concentración en la actividad de la crianza de animales. También, es importante mencionar que no todos los encuestados manifestaron haber emprendido; es decir, el dinero no fue utilizado en la generación de negocio, sino que se lo utilizó en actividades como pago de deudas, compra de equipos electrónicos, entre otros

Mendelian Randomisation Confirms the Role of Y-Chromosome Loss in Alzheimer’s Disease Aetiopathogenesis in Men

Mosaic loss of chromosome Y (mLOY) is a common ageing-related somatic event and has been previously associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, mLOY estimation from genotype microarray data only reflects the mLOY degree of subjects at the moment of DNA sampling. Therefore, mLOY phenotype associations with AD can be severely age-confounded in the context of genome-wide association studies. Here, we applied Mendelian randomisation to construct an age-independent mLOY polygenic risk score (mloy-PRS) using 114 autosomal variants. The mloy-PRS instrument was associated with an 80% increase in mLOY risk per standard deviation unit (p = 4.22 × 10−20) and was orthogonal with age. We found that a higher genetic risk for mLOY was associated with faster progression to AD in men with mild cognitive impairment (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.23, p = 0.01). Importantly, mloy-PRS had no effect on AD conversion or risk in the female group, suggesting that these associations are caused by the inherent loss of the Y chromosome. Additionally, the blood mLOY phenotype in men was associated with increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of total tau and phosphorylated tau181 in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Our results strongly suggest that mLOY is involved in AD pathogenesis.P.G.-G. (Pablo García-González) is supported by CIBERNED employment plan CNV-304-PRF-866. CIBERNED is integrated into ISCIII (Instituto de Salud Carlos III). I.d.R is supported by a national grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III FI20/00215. A.C. (Amanda Cano) acknowledges the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities under the grant Juan de la Cierva (FJC2018-036012-I). M.B. (Mercé Boada) and A.R. (Agustín Ruiz) are also supported by national grants PI13/02434, PI16/01861, PI17/01474, PI19/01240, and PI19/01301. The Genome Research @ Fundació ACE project (GR@ACE) is supported by Grifols SA, Fundación bancaria “La Caixa”, Fundació ACE, and CIBERNED. Acción Estratégica en Salud is integrated into the Spanish National R + D + I Plan and funded by ISCIII (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)—Subdirección General de Evaluación—and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER—“Una manera de hacer Europa”). Genotyping of the ACE MCI-EADB samples was performed in the context of EADB (European Alzheimer DNA biobank) funded by the JPco-fuND FP-829-029 (ZonMW project number 733051061). This work was supported by a grant (European Alzheimer DNA BioBank, EADB) from the EU Joint Program—Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND). Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málag

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Situação sócio-econômica dos beneficiários de transferências condicionadas de dinheiro. Caso Bono de Desarrollo Humano

The Bono de Desarrollo Humano is a conditional cash transfer program aimed at combating poverty and extreme poverty that has been implemented in Ecuador since 1998. In this context, the objective of this article is to describe the socioeconomic condition of the beneficiaries of the Bono de Desarrollo Humano and to discuss its contribution to improving the standard of living of low-income families. For this purpose, an exploratory descriptive study was carried out, using as a data collection instrument a survey applied to a sample of 195 beneficiaries of the Bono de Desarrollo Humano in the urban parish of El Valle, canton Loja-Ecuador. The results show that 34.4% of the beneficiaries were mothers between 26 and 35 years of age, who have up to three family responsibilities and have only passed primary education. It was also determined that beneficiaries use this income to pay for basic services, food, and rent. In general, expenses exceed income, so the poverty situation cannot be overcome.El Bono de Desarrollo Humano constituye un programa de transferencias monetarias condicionadas direccionado a combatir la pobreza y pobreza extrema, puesta en marcha desde 1998 en Ecuador. En este contexto, el objetivo de este artículo es realizar una descripción de la condición socioeconómica de los beneficiarios del Bono de Desarrollo Humano, y discutir cuál ha sido su aporte en el mejoramiento del nivel de vida de las familias de bajos recursos. Para ello se realizó un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, utilizando como instrumento de recolección de datos una encuesta aplicada a una muestra de 195 beneficiarios del Bono de Desarrollo Humano, de la parroquia urbana El Valle, del cantón Loja en Ecuador. Los resultados muestran que el 34,4 % de los beneficiarios del BDH son madres de familia entre los 26 y 35 años, que tienen hasta 3 cargas familiares y han aprobado solamente el nivel de educación primario. Igualmente, se determinó que los beneficiarios ocupan este ingreso para pagar: servicios básicos, alimentos y arriendo. En general, los gastos superan a los ingresos, por lo que la situación de pobreza no logra superarse.O Bono de Desarrollo Humano é um programa condicional de transferência de renda destinado a combater a pobreza e a extrema pobreza, implementado desde 1998 no Equador. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste artigo é descrever a condição socioeconômica dos beneficiários do Bono de Desarrollo Humano, e discutir sua contribuição para melhorar o padrão de vida das famílias de baixa renda. Para este fim, foi realizado um estudo descritivo exploratório, utilizando uma pesquisa aplicada a uma amostra de 195 beneficiários do Bono de Desarrollo Humano na paróquia urbana de El Valle, no cantão de Loja, Equador. Os resultados mostram que 34,4% dos beneficiários da BDH são mães entre 26 e 35 anos de idade, que têm até 3 responsabilidades familiares e só completaram a educação primária. Também foi constatado que os beneficiários utilizam esta renda para pagar serviços básicos, alimentação e aluguel. Em geral, as despesas excedem a renda, de modo que a situação de pobreza não pode ser superada