Location of the study site in Costa Rica.

<p>Location of the study site in Costa Rica.</p

Simplified model of ES transition in the upper part of the Reventazón watershed as suggested by existing literature and databases.

<p>Simplified model of ES transition in the upper part of the Reventazón watershed as suggested by existing literature and databases.</p

Changes of forest area from 1986 to 2008.

<p>(a) In the whole area; (b) in each the 13 sub-watersheds; (c) location of sub-watersheds in the three groups defined by large increase in forest area (in more than 3% of the area, n = 2), moderate increase (n = 8) and decrease or no change (n = 3).</p

Forest transition and ES transition frameworks.

<p>Forest transition and ES transition frameworks.</p

Spatial data used to assess ES or to present the results of ES assessments.

<p>Spatial data used to assess ES or to present the results of ES assessments.</p

Changes of ecosystem services from 1986 to 2008.

<p>(a) Mean changes in the levels of the six selected ES. (A: agricultural production, C: carbon, N: nitrogen retention, P: phosphorus retention, S: sediment retention, W: water yield); (b) location of sub-watersheds in the three clusters defined by ES changes: (1) “Weak tradeoffs: more food, less carbon and water” (n = 3); (2) “Weak tradeoffs: more carbon, less food” (n = 8); (3) “Strong tradeoffs: more carbon, less food” (n = 2); (c-e): changes in ES levels in the three clusters of sub-watersheds (lines represent the median values of the group elements, ribbons represent the interquartile range).</p

Land-cover changes between 1986 and 2008 in the study site (data from [62]).

<p>The gray area in the center of the map represents the Angostura reservoir built between 1996 and 2001. Numbers identify the 13 sub-watersheds.</p

Annual cycle in precipitation (mm/day) and 2-metre temperature (^oC) for the capital cities in Central America.

<p>Historical period (in red), 1961–1990, and future period (in blue), 2021–2050, under RCP4.5 scenario. The three initial letters of the country of the respective capital city identify each box: Guatemala (GUA), Belize (BEL), Honduras (HON), Nicaragua (NIC), Panama (PAN), Costa Rica (COS), and El Salvador (ELS).</p

Future climate change scenarios in Central America at high spatial resolution - Fig 3

<p><b>Mean 2-metre temperature (°C) from Tavg [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193570#pone.0193570.ref040" target="_blank">40</a>] dataset (top row), Eta-8km simulations (middle row) and differences between CHIRPS and Eta-8km (bottom row).</b> Average for the period 1961–1990 except Tavg (1970–1999), and for the seasons DJF, MAM, JJA, and SON (from left to right).</p

Future climate change scenarios in Central America at high spatial resolution - Fig 1

<p>(a) Model topography (metres), (b) vegetation types, and (c) soil types at 8-km resolution.</p