International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Microbiology of Eutrophic (Ornithogenic and Hydrocarbon-Contaminated) Soil

Antarctic soils are typically low in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.Ornithogenic and hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, however, could be consideredeutrophic. In this chapter, we review the microbial composition of ornithogenicand hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Ornithogenic soils form in soils under birdnesting sites. These include those that form under penguin colonies of coastal soilsand under bird nests in coastal soils and on nunataks. The soils currently occupiedby birds have high levels of C, N and P and a low C:N ratio. The diversity andabundance of microbes in the soils depends on whether they are currently occupiedby birds have been abandoned or are adjacent to the colony. Bacteria dominateoccupied soils with Firmicutes reported to be prevalent, but in abandoned soils,Proteobacteria are dominant. Among the nematodes Panagrolaimus is mostcommonly reported from ornithogenic soils. Extensive areas of growth of visiblephotosynthetic microbes occupy soils adjacent to ornithogenic soils. Prasiola sppand Phormidium spp. are the dominant algae and cyanobacteria, respectively, thatare reported. Most investigations of hydrocarbon-contaminated Antarctic soilshave focused on heterotrophic bacteria, with a few reports of fungi. Hydrocarbonspills on soils typically occur next to research stations and result in an increase insoil C and a high C:N ratio. The result is a shift in microbial communities towardshydrocarbon-degrading species, predominantly from the Proteobacteria phylum.Among the hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria isolated from Antarctic soils aremembers of the genera Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas and Rhodococcus. These genera have been observed widely in contaminated temperate soils and have thecapability to degrade hydrocarbons. Filamentous fungi from the Ascomycotaphylum commonly isolated from contaminated soils include those from the Cadophora,Trichoderma and Mortierella genera, but their ability to degradehydrocarbons is not always known. There is limited knowledge on the effect ofhydrocarbons on Archaea, invertebrates or photosynthetic microbes in hydrocarbon-contaminated Antarctic soil. Our knowledge of eutrophic soils of Antarctica issparse