Soroprevalência de Brucella ovis, Brucella lisa, leptospirose, toxoplasmose e Maedi-Visna em ovinos abatidos em Minas Gerais, Brasil

The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against Brucella ovis-epididymitis, smooth-Brucella, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and Maedi-visna in sheep slaughtered in Minas Gerais, Brazil and to study their simultaneous occurrence, including caseous lymphadenitis, at sheep and flock levels. The study was conducted at a sheep slaughterhouse with Federal Inspection Service. Sera from 594 animals from 21 flocks were collected, in 2007. The agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) was employed to detect anti-B. ovis and anti-Maedi Visna antibodies, whereas Rose Bengal (RB) and the 2-mercaptoethanol test (2ME) were used to test anti-smooth Brucella antibodies. For the detection of anti-Leptospira antibodies, sera were examined by microscopic agglutination test (MAT), while for the detection of IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii ELISA was used. Prevalence of antibodies against smooth Brucella, B. ovis-epididimitis, Leptospira spp., toxoplasmosis and Maedi-Visna found in sheep from Minas Gerais was 0.00%, 24.04%, 25.96%, 10.46% and 3.08%, respectively; whereas the seroprevalence in flocks was 0.00%, 80.95%, 90.48%, 71.43% and 23.81%, respectively. Moreover, when data on antibodies anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, previously obtained, were included, about 60% of the flocks showed animals that were exposed to four or more of the studied agents. However, only 25.47% of the sheep exhibited simultaneously antibodies against more than one pathogen. Thus, data from the present study on sheep slaughtered in Minas Gerais, Brazil, showed no antibodies to smooth-Brucella and a low frequency of antibodies anti-Maedi Visna lentivirus, and a high and widespread seroprevalence of B. ovis, Leptospira spp., and T. gondii among animals and flocks.O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de anticorpos contra Brucella ovis (epididimite ovina), Brucella lisa, leptospirose, toxoplasmose e Maedi-visna em ovinos abatidos em Minas Gerais, Brasil, e estudar sua ocorrência simultânea, incluindo linfadenite caseosa, nos ovinos e nos rebanhos. O estudo foi realizado em um abatedouro de ovinos com Serviço de Inspeção Federal. Soros de 594 animais de 21 rebanhos foram coletados, em 2007. A imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) foi empregada para detectar anticorpos anti-B. ovis e anticorpos anti-Maedi Visna, enquanto o teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) e o teste de 2-mercaptoetanol (2ME) foram utilizados para testar anticorpos anti-Brucella lisa. Para a detecção de anticorpos anti-Leptospira, os soros foram examinados pelo teste de aglutinação microscópica (MAT), enquanto que para a detecção de anticorpos IgG para Toxoplasma gondii, foi usado o ELISA. A prevalência de anticorpos anti-Brucella lisa, B. ovis, Leptospira spp., toxoplasmose e Maedi-Visna encontrados em ovinos de Minas Gerais foi de 0,00%, 24,04%, 25,96%, 10,46% e 3,08%, respectivamente; enquanto a soroprevalência em rebanhos foi de 0,00%, 80,95%, 90,48%, 71,43% e 23,81%, respectivamente. Além disso, quando dados de anticorpos anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, previamente obtidos, foram incluídos, cerca de 60% dos rebanhos apresentaram animais expostos a quatro ou mais dos agentes estudados. No entanto, apenas 25,47% dos ovinos exibiram simultaneamente anticorpos contra mais de um patógeno. Assim, os dados do presente estudo sobre ovinos abatidos em Minas Gerais, Brasil, mostram que ausência de anticorpos anti-Brucella lisa e baixa frequência de anticorpos anti-Maedi Visna, e uma soroprevalência alta e generalizada de B. ovis, Leptospira spp. e T. gondii entre animais e rebanhos

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Analysis of religiosity in sport: the view of Brazilian Olympic athletes

O sinal da cruz feito sobre o peito ao entrar no local de disputa sempre com o pé direito; dedos apontados para o céu enquanto uma reza ou oração é proferida antes da partida, ou em agradecimento por um gol ou ponto marcado, enfim, pela vitória, pela medalha pendurada no pescoço. Conseguimos encontrar com muita facilidade inúmeras manifestações cotidianas de religiosidade no meio esportivo. Essas crenças pessoais e o esporte podem conviver em paz e harmonia na vida de um atleta por toda sua carreira em total simbiose. Todavia, ambos, esporte e religiosidade podem se chocar e promover momentos de crise entre a religião professada, crenças pessoais e a carreira esportiva. Alguns exemplos disso podem ser percebidos nos conflitos envolvendo a observação de jejuns obrigatórios impostos pela religião durante competições, guarda de dias sagrados, abstenção e recusa em receber prêmios em bebida alcóolica, uso de uniformes com slogans contrários à crenças ou que mostram o corpo de forma imprópria, entre muitos outros. Como estes processos são percebidos na carreira de atletas olímpicos? Será que o esporte pode ser visto, de alguma forma, como um substituto, parceiro ou inimigo da religião para alguns atletas? Como a religião poderia influenciar os processos de treinamento e as competições? E ao mesmo tempo, como o esporte poderia influenciar as práticas religiosas cotidianas? Assim, quais as relações que os atletas percebem entre o esporte e suas crenças? Como os atletas enxergam e administram tais relações? Assim, foi objetivo desta pesquisa investigar, comparar e analisar as possíveis relações das vivências esportivas e da religiosidade de atletas olímpicos mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas baseadas no Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) e Método de História Oral. Participaram deste estudo cinco atletas do sexo feminino e idade entre 27 e 56 anos, competidoras na última edição dos Jogos Olímpicos realizado no Brasil no ano de 2016 considerando a representatividade de tais atletas no cenário nacional nas modalidades Rugby, Luta (Wrestling), Remo, Taekwondo e Tiro Esportivo. Neste estudo exploratório descritivo de natureza qualitativa foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas baseadas nos métodos de História Oral Temática e os dados analisados a partir do DSC. Os resultados mostraram que a influência religiosa percebida diretamente na vivência esportiva é fraca: pontual - somente para determinados fins e esporádica - apenas em alguns momentos, estando sempre relacionada à superação de desafios e conquista de objetivos. A crença em Deus das atletas pesquisadas, embora sofra influência da religião familiar predominante, é exercida a sua maneira, subjetiva e individualmente e fornece suporte psicológico para a maioria das atletas ao ajudar a lidar com os constantes desafios da carreira esportiva promovendo resiliência, autoconfiança e esperança. Enquanto que a não crença é vista como um forma de ter mais autonomia no esporte, mais autonomia para agir no mundo sem precisar prestar conta ou esperar pela intervenção de um ser superior. As tendências de comportamentos das atletas, envolvidas com as orientações religiosas, são tão plurais quanto suas crenças, uma vez que a bricolagem de crenças e religiões é feita mais individualmente e menos coletivamenteThe sign of the cross made on the chest when entering the place of dispute always with the right foot; fingers pointed to the sky while a prayer or prayer is given before the game, or in thanks for a goal or point marked, finally, by the victory, by the medal. We have been able to find with ease many daily manifestations of religiosity in the sport. These personal beliefs and sport can live in peace and harmony in the life of an athlete throughout his career in total symbiosis. However, both sport and religiosity may clash and promote moments of crisis between professed religion, personal beliefs and sports career. Some examples of this can be seen in conflicts involving the observance of mandatory fastings imposed by religion during competitions, sacred day keeping, abstention and refusal to receive alcoholic prizes, wearing uniforms with slogans that are contrary to beliefs or that show the body, among many others. How are these processes perceived in the career of Olympic athletes? Can sport be seen in any way as a substitute, partner, or enemy of religion for some athletes? How could religion influence training processes and competitions? And at the same time, how could sport influence everyday religious practices? So, what relationships do athletes perceive between sport and its beliefs? Thus, it was the objective of this research to investigate, compare and analyze the possible relationships of sporting experiences and the religiosity of Olympic athletes through semi-structured interviews based on the Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) and Oral History Method. Participating in this study five female athletes, 27 until 56 years old, who competed in the last edition of the Olympic Games in Brazil 2016, considering the representation of such athletes in the national scenario in the Rugby, Wrestling, Taekwondo and Shooting. The results showed that the religious influence perceived directly in the sporting experience is weak: punctual - only for certain purposes and sporadic - only in some moments, being always related to overcoming challenges and achieving goals. The athletes\' belief in God while influenced by the predominant family religion, is exercised in their own way, subjectively and individually, and provides psychological support for most athletes by helping to deal with the constant challenges of a sports career by promoting resilience, self-confidence, and hope. While non-belief is seen as a way to have more autonomy in sport, more autonomy to act in the world without someone to care with or wait for the intervention. Athletes\' behavioral tendencies, involved with religious orientations, are as plural as their beliefs, since the bricolage of beliefs and religions is made more individually and less collectivel

A temática do lazer em cursos de graduação da área da saúde

Este artigo apresenta alguns resultados da pesquisa que teve como objetivo compreender de que maneira a temática do lazer é abordada no âmbito do ensino nos cursos de graduação em Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil. A metodologia foi baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, que envolveu análise dos projetos político-pedagógicos e programas de disciplinas. Foi possível constatar diferentes abordagens, visões e funções do lazer. Para a Educação Física o lazer é observado a partir de aspectos teórico-práticos, de atuação e formação profissional. Na Terapia Ocupacional destacam-se as possibilidades de inclusão/integração social, socialização, exercício de cidadania, desenvolvimento pessoal; possibilidades de experiências prazerosas, de brincadeiras, atividades lúdicas, utilizadas como meios e fins médicos/terapêuticos. Na fisioterapia, é possível perceber um viés voltado para a reabilitação onde o lazer, por meio do brincar, é tratado apenas como uma ferramenta utilizada em alguns momentos do tratamento fisioterápico

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data