Effect of irrigation frequency on water availability in vineyard

La carencia de recursos hídricos, bien debido a las escasas precipitaciones, bien a la imposibilidad de regar, motivada por una sequía prolongada, y los efectos del cambio climático, requieren del buen manejo del riego en los viñedos españoles. El viñedo es un cultivo tolerante a la falta de agua, aunque su carencia en determinados momentos del ciclo vegetativo afecta a la producción. La dosis de agua a aplicar y los periodos críticos para el viñedo han sido ampliamente estudiados, al igual que sus efectos sobre la calidad. Por el contrario, los efectos de la aplicación del riego en el viñedo con diferentes frecuencias entre riegos, no son bien conocidos. El ensayo se ha replicado en cuatro localizaciones: Badajoz, Valladolid, Albacete y Lugo. El presente trabajo recoge los resultados de dos campañas (2021 y 2022) en las que se ha aplicado la misma dosis semanal de riego, pero aplicada con diferentes frecuencias: un riego (T07) y dos riegos (T03) semanales. En el viñedo de Lugo se ha incluido un tratamiento con siete riegos (T01) semanales, mientras que en Valladolid y Badajoz se ha incluido un tratamiento que aplica la dosis de riego de dos semanas en un único evento (T15). Los resultados han sido valorados incluyendo la producción final obtenida por hectárea. Las medidas de evolución del contenido de agua en el suelo, determinadas en continuo (Badajoz y Albacete) o en discontinuo (Valladolid y Lugo), han sido claves para evaluar el patrón de extracción de agua por las plantas. Se observa una tendencia a la obtención de mayores producciones con el tratamiento T03, en Albacete y en Lugo, mientras que en Badajoz y Valladolid, las mayores producciones se obtuvieron en el tratamiento T07. Los tratamientos T15 y T01 mostraron resultados diferentes según el año de estudio. Las dinámicas de evolución de agua en el suelo se encuentran directamente relacionadas con el tipo de suelo (textura, etc.), por lo que además de la demanda atmosférica, este aspecto resulta crucial para realizar un manejo adecuado del riego, y por lo tanto de la gestión de los recursos hídricos

A green approach for the quantification of daptomycin in pharmaceutical formulation by UV spectrophotometry

abstract Daptomycin is the first approved drug from a new class of antimicrobials, the cyclic lipopeptides, and is a very important antimicrobial agent in current clinical practice. Currently, there are no "green" analytical methods described in the literature to analyze the typical pharmaceutical dosage form of daptomycin. Thus, the aim of this work was to validate an environment-friendly spectrophotometric method in the UV region, for the analysis of daptomycin as a lyophilized powder. Water was used as diluent and the analyses were carried out on a spectrophotometer at 221 nm. The method met all validation requirements of the ICH guidelines, over a concentration range of 6-21 µg mL-1. A Student's t-test demonstrated that the proposed method was comparable to an HPLC method previously validated. Thus, the validated spectrophotometric method could quantify daptomycin in a powder form for injectable solutions, while being an economical, rapid, and "green" alternative for routine analysis in quality control

Stratification strength and light climate explain variation in chlorophyll a at the continental scale in a European multilake survey in a heatwave summer

To determine the drivers of phytoplankton biomass, we collected standardized morphometric, physical, and biological data in 230 lakes across the Mediterranean, Continental, and Boreal climatic zones of the European continent. Multilinear regression models tested on this snapshot of mostly eutrophic lakes (median total phosphorus [TP] = 0.06 and total nitrogen [TN] = 0.7 mg L−1), and its subsets (2 depth types and 3 climatic zones), show that light climate and stratification strength were the most significant explanatory variables for chlorophyll a (Chl a) variance. TN was a significant predictor for phytoplankton biomass for shallow and continental lakes, while TP never appeared as an explanatory variable, suggesting that under high TP, light, which partially controls stratification strength, becomes limiting for phytoplankton development. Mediterranean lakes were the warmest yet most weakly stratified and had significantly less Chl a than Boreal lakes, where the temperature anomaly from the long-term average, during a summer heatwave was the highest (+4°C) and showed a significant, exponential relationship with stratification strength. This European survey represents a summer snapshot of phytoplankton biomass and its drivers, and lends support that light and stratification metrics, which are both affected by climate change, are better predictors for phytoplankton biomass in nutrient-rich lakes than nutrient concentrations and surface temperature

Present situation in the treatment of invasive fungal infection.

Recent advances have made it possible to treat successfully conditions that for many years were considered incurable. In many cases, aggressive therapeutic or diagnostic techniques have been used. One resulting adverse event is a severely diminished immune response that, given the patient's situation, demands accurate and rapid treatment. Invasive fungal infection is a clear example. This review evaluates different aspects of the management of these infections