Supplementation of diet with krill oil protects against experimental rheumatoid arthritis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although the efficacy of standard fish oil has been the subject of research in arthritis, the effect of krill oil in this disease has yet to be investigated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate a standardised preparation of krill oil and fish oil in an animal model for arthritis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Collagen-induced arthritis susceptible DBA/1 mice were provided <it>ad libitum </it>access to a control diet or diets supplemented with either krill oil or fish oil throughout the study. There were 14 mice in each of the 3 treatment groups. The level of EPA + DHA was 0.44 g/100 g in the krill oil diet and 0.47 g/100 g in the fish oil diet. Severity of arthritis was determined using a clinical scoring system. Arthritis joints were analysed by histopathology and graded. Serum samples were obtained at the end of the study and the levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17 and TGF-β were determined by a Luminex™ assay system.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Consumption of krill oil and supplemented diet significantly reduced the arthritis scores and hind paw swelling when compared to a control diet not supplemented with EPA and DHA. However, the arthritis score during the late phase of the study was only significantly reduced after krill oil administration. Furthermore, mice fed the krill oil diet demonstrated lower infiltration of inflammatory cells into the joint and synovial layer hyperplasia, when compared to control. Inclusion of fish oil and krill oil in the diets led to a significant reduction in hyperplasia and total histology score. Krill oil did not modulate the levels of serum cytokines whereas consumption of fish oil increased the levels of IL-1α and IL-13.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The study suggests that krill oil may be a useful intervention strategy against the clinical and histopathological signs of inflammatory arthritis.</p

Metabolic Effects of n-3 PUFA as Phospholipids Are Superior to Triglycerides in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet: Possible Role of Endocannabinoids

Background n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and can ameliorate many of obesity-associated disorders. We hypothesised that the latter effect will be more pronounced when DHA/EPA is supplemented as phospholipids rather than as triglycerides. Methodology/Principal Findings In a ‘prevention study’, C57BL/6J mice were fed for 9 weeks on either a corn oil-based high-fat obesogenic diet (cHF; lipids ~35% wt/wt), or cHF-based diets in which corn oil was partially replaced by DHA/EPA, admixed either as phospholipids or triglycerides from marine fish. The reversal of obesity was studied in mice subjected to the preceding cHF-feeding for 4 months. DHA/EPA administered as phospholipids prevented glucose intolerance and tended to reduce obesity better than triglycerides. Lipemia and hepatosteatosis were suppressed more in response to dietary phospholipids, in correlation with better bioavailability of DHA and EPA, and a higher DHA accumulation in the liver, white adipose tissue (WAT), and muscle phospholipids. In dietary obese mice, both DHA/EPA concentrates prevented a further weight gain, reduced plasma lipid levels to a similar extent, and tended to improve glucose tolerance. Importantly, only the phospholipid form reduced plasma insulin and adipocyte hypertrophy, while being more effective in reducing hepatic steatosis and low-grade inflammation of WAT. These beneficial effects were correlated with changes of endocannabinoid metabolome in WAT, where phospholipids reduced 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and were more effective in increasing anti-inflammatory lipids such as N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine. Conclusions/Significance Compared with triglycerides, dietary DHA/EPA administered as phospholipids are superior in preserving a healthy metabolic profile under obesogenic conditions, possibly reflecting better bioavalability and improved modulation of the endocannabinoid system activity in WA

A Strategic Thinking of the Issues in Cost Management of FB Real Estate Company

摘要 论文结合FB房地产公司开发项目遇到的主要问题：如何选择项目开发的成本管理战略以获取成本竞争优势？成本管理效果不佳的问题：如成本核算数据不准确不能及时反映项目产品的成本状况、项目开发预算与实际支出差异大、产品的成本与利润不清楚、项目间成本不可比、成本管理不能及时对市场变化进行调整和企业利润被侵蚀的成本失控问题如何解决？怎么对异地项目开发进行成本控制及风险管理？怎样创新管理针对房地产成本管理的疑难问题展开战略分析研究，通过对解决问题的相关因素分析得出解决方案，在某项目开发中进行应用取得成功以验证其可行性。 论文以某项目开发针对成本管理中存在的疑难问题，以企业成本战略管理方法的“五力分析法...Abstract This article is mainly focused on the following topics of FB Real Estate Company: how to obtain the competitive advantage of project management by carrying on effective cost management strategies? How to change the situation of ineffective cost management, such as the data can't reflect the cost of the project accurately and there is a huge gap between the project's budget and actual...学位：工商管理硕士院系专业：管理学院高级经理教育中心（EMBA项目）_高级管理人员工商管理硕士(EMBA)学号：X200715612

Introduction to (multiple) scattering theory

International audienceIn this introductory chapter, we develop the scattering theory necessary to understand the theoretical models underlying the multiple scattering codes. First, the elementary theory is presented and it is then formalized to introduce the different operators whose matrix elements are computed in the codes. Then, we extend the theory to the case of a collection of potentials, i.e. multiple scattering. Finally we outline the way cross-sections can be derived from the multiple scattering framework and give some practical examples. © 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature