A VLT/FLAMES survey for massive binaries in Westerlund 1 VIII. Binary systems and orbital parameters

Context. The galactic cluster Westerlund 1 contains a rich population of evolved, massive stars. A high binary fraction has been inferred from previous multi-wavelength observations. Aims. We use multi-epoch spectroscopy of a large sample of early-type stars in Westerlund 1 to identify new binaries and binary candidates in the cluster. Methods. VLT/FLAMES was used with the GIRAFFE spectrograph in HR21 mode to obtain spectra of ∼100 OB stars over a 14-month baseline in 2008 and 2009, supplemented with follow-up observations in 2011 and 2013. Radial velocities were obtained from strong Paschen series absorption lines in the I-band. Results. We identify 20 new OB I–III binaries, a WN9h binary, and a WC9d binary, greatly increasing the number of directly confirmed binary systems in Westerlund 1, while 12 O9−9.5 Iab−III stars are identified as candidate binaries based on radial velocity changes that are inconsistent with photospheric variability. The 173.9 day SB1 W1030 represents the first longer-period system identified in the cluster, while the determination of a 53.95 day period for W44 (WR L) makes it the first Wolf-Rayet binary in Westerlund 1 with a confirmed orbital period greater than ten days. Our results suggest the binary fraction in the OB population is at least ∼40%, and may be significantly higher. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that binary systems can be effectively identified in the population of OB I−III stars evolving off the main sequence in Westerlund 1. Future multi-epoch surveys will be able to fully characterise this population.This research is partially supported by the Spanish Government Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades under grant PGC2018-093741-B-C21 (MICIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). I.N. is also supported by the Generalitat Valenciana through grant PROMETEO/2019/041. F.N. acknowledges financial support through Spanish grant PID2019-105552RB-C41 (MINECO/MCIU/AEI/FEDER) and from the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) through the Unidad de Excelencia “María de Maeztu”-Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) project No. MDM-2017-0737

Ecophysiological responses of grapevine rootstocks to water deficit

The use of rootstocks tolerant to soil water deficit is an interesting strategy to face the challenges posed by limited water availability. Currently, several nurseries are breeding new genotypes aiming to improve the water stress tolerance of grapevine, but the physiological basis of its responses under water stress are largely unknown. For this purpose, an ecophysiological assessment of the conventional 110-Richter (110R) and SO4, and the new M1 and M4 rootstocks was carried out in ungrafted potted plants. During one season, these Vitis genotypes were grown under greenhouse conditions and subjected to two water regimes, well-watered (WW) and deficit irrigation (DI). Water potentials of plants under DI down to <-1.4 MPa, and net photosynthesis (AN) <5 μmol CO2m-2s-1 did not cause leaf oxidative stress damage compared to WW conditions in all genotypes. The antioxidant capacity was sufficient to neutralize the mild oxidative stress suffered. Under both water regimes, gravimetric differences in daily water use were observed among genotypes, leading to differences in the biomass of roots and shoots. Under WW conditions, SO4 and 110R were the most vigorous and M1 and M4 the least. However, under DI, SO4 exhibited the greatest reduction in biomass, while 110R showed the lowest. Remarkably, under these conditions, SO4 reached the least negative stem water potential and showed the highest hydraulic conductance values. Conversely, M1 reduced the most stomatal conductance, transpiration and AN. Overall, 110R achieved the highest biomass water use efficiency in response to DI, and SO4 the lowest, while M-rootstocks showed intermediate values. Our results suggest that there are differences in water use regulation among genotypes attributed not only to differences in stomatal regulation but also to plant hydraulic conductance. Therefore, it is hypothesized that differences in genotype performance may be due to root anatomical- morphological differences and to several physiological processes such as growth inhibition, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant production, nutrient translocation capacity, etc. Further studies are needed to confirm these differential ecophysiological responses of Vitis species under water stress, particularly under field and grafted conditions

Natural Variation in Diauxic Shift between Patagonian Saccharomyces eubayanus Strains

The study of natural variation can untap novel alleles with immense value for biotechnological applications. Saccharomyces eubayanus Patagonian isolates exhibit differences in the diauxic shift between glucose and maltose, representing a suitable model to study their natural genetic variation for novel strains for brewing. However, little is known about the genetic variants and chromatin regulators responsible for these differences. Here, we show how genome-wide chromatin accessibility and gene expression differences underlie distinct diauxic shift profiles in S. eubayanus. We identified two strains with a rapid diauxic shift between glucose and maltose (CL467.1 and CBS12357) and one strain with a remarkably low fermentation efficiency and longer lag phase during diauxic shift (QC18). This is associated in the QC18 strain with lower transcriptional activity and chromatin accessibility of specific genes of maltose metabolism and higher expression levels of glucose transporters. These differences are governed by the HAP complex, which differentially regulates gene expression depending on the genetic background. We found in the QC18 strain a contrasting phenotype to those phenotypes described in S. cerevisiae, where hap4D, hap5D, and cin5D knockouts significantly improved the QC18 growth rate in the glucose-maltose shift. The most profound effects were found between CIN5 allelic variants, suggesting that Cin5p could strongly activate a repressor of the diauxic shift in the QC18 strain but not necessarily in the other strains. The differences between strains could originate from the tree host from which the strains were obtained, which might determine the sugar source preference and the brewing potential of the strain.Fil: Molinet, Jennifer. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Eizaguirre, Juan Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; ArgentinaFil: Quintrel, Pablo. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Bellora, Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia de Área de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Instituto de Tecnologías Nucleares para la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Villarroel, Carlos A.. Universidad de Talca; ChileFil: Villarreal, Pablo. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Benavides Parra, José. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Nespolo, Roberto F.. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Libkind Frati, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto Andino Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales; ArgentinaFil: Cubillos, Francisco A.. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Chil

Utilidad del uso de acelerometría en la valoración del riesgo de caida en adultos mayores autovalentes que residen en la comunidad

Tesis (Kinesiólogo)La población de adultos mayores a nivel global crece a pasos acelerados. Las caídas son muy frecuentes en esta etapa del ciclo vital, las cuales suelen estar asociados a elevados riesgos de morbilidad y mortalidad, según datos de la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) “Cada año se producen aproximadamente un total de 37,3 millones de caídas a nivel global, de las cuales fallecen un total de 424.000 personas por la gravedad de las lesiones”. En Chile existen pruebas propuestas por el Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL), como la Estación Unipodal (EU) y el “Timed Up and Go” (TUG), usados para predecir los riesgos de caídas durante las actividades de la vida diaria, principalmente en la marcha. Estos carecen de exactitud y precisión si no se complementan con métodos de mayor especificidad y sensibilidad. La manera de determinar con mayor eficacia el riesgo de caída lo otorga la acelerometría, ya que estudia el comportamiento del centro de masa, el cual nos entrega información más relevante y objetiva acerca de la posibilidad de caer (a través de las mediciones de las variables de la marcha). Revisar la utilidad del estudio acelerométrico como complemento a la detección del riesgo de caídas en adultos mayores propuestos en las guías MINSAL. Se realizó una investigación de tipo revisión narrativa, en la cual se investigaron sólo los artículos científicos pertenecientes a las bases de datos como: la selección Mesh de Pubmed, Elsevier, Science Direct Cochrane Library. Se usaron las siguientes palabras claves: “adulto mayor” (“elderly”), “acelerometría” (“accelerometry”), “marcha” (“gait”), “caída” (“fall”), de los estudios que se encontraron en las distintas bases de datos se les aplicaron múltiples filtros para terminar finalmente hacer la selección de los documentos más adecuados para levantar la investigación. De 259 números de “papers” que se encontraron, se seleccionaron 23 documentos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión de esta investigación, los cuales abordan temas referentes sobre caídas en la población AM, el comportamiento del centro de masas durante la marcha y su evaluación mediante la acelerometría demostrando dicha evidencia de los estudios revisados que tiene una mayor especificidad y sensibilidad para este evento. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos de revisión bibliográfica mostraron que los parámetros acelerométricos del centro de masa de usuarios caedores y/o con alto riesgo de caídas tienen una clara tendencia a presentar valores menores en comparación con los de usuarios no caedores o con bajo riesgo de caídas en los AM.The global elder population is growing at a fast pace. Falls are very frequent at this stage of life, which are often associated with high morbidity and mortality risks. According to the World Health Organization (WHO). "Each year, approximately 37.3 million people fall worldwide, and a total of 424,000 people die due to the complexity of the injuries." In Chile, proofs have been shown by the Ministry of Health (MINSAL), such as the Unipodal [g1] Station (EU) and the Timed Up and Go (TUG), used to predict the risks of[g2] falls during daily life activities, mainly while walking. These two methods lack of accuracy and precision if they are not complemented by more specific and sensitive methods. The way most effective way to determine the risk of fall is by the accelerometry, since it studies the behavior of the center of mass, which provides us more relevant and objective information about the possibility of falling (through the measurements of the variables while walking), from the studies found in the different databases multiple filters are applied to finish making the selection of the most appropriate documents to lift the research. Objective/Goal: To review the utility of accelerometric studies as a complement to the detection of risk of falls in older adults proposed by the MINSAL guidelines. Method: A research through a narrative review was carried out, in which only the scientific articles belonging to databases such as Pubmed Mesh selection, Elsevier, Science Direct Cochrane Library were investigated. The following key words were used: “adulto mayor” (elderly), “acelerometría” (accelerometry), “marcha” (gait), “caída” (fall). From the studies that were found in the different data bases, multiple filters were applied to finally make the selection of the more suitable documents to carry the research. Outcomes: 23 out of 259 papers were selected which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria of this research, which address issues related to falls in the elder people population, the behavior of the center of mass while walking and its evaluation by accelerometry proving the evidence of the reviewed studies that are more specific and sensitive for this event. 5 Conclusion: The results obtained from a bibliographic review showed that the accelerometric parameters of the center of mass of users with high risk of falls have a clear tendency to present lower values compare to those of users without or with a low risk of falls in the elder peopl

Myxoma virus jumps species to the Iberian hare

The study of myxoma virus (MYXV) infections in the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has produced one of the most accepted host–pathogen evolutionary models. To date, myxomatosis has been limited to the European rabbit with sporadic reports in hares. However, reports of widespread mortalities in the Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis) with myxomatosis‐like clinical signs indicate a potential species jump has occurred. The presence of MYXV DNA was confirmed by PCR in 244 samples received from regional veterinary services, animal health laboratories, hunters or rangers over a 5‐month period. PCR analysis of 4 MYXV positive hare samples revealed a 2.8 kb insertion located within the M009 gene with respect to MYXV. The presence of this insertion was subsequently confirmed in 20 samples from 18 Spanish provinces. Sanger sequencing and subsequent analysis show that the insert contained 4 ORFs which are phylogenetically related to MYXV genes M060, M061, M064 and M065. The complete MYXV genome from hare tissue was sequenced using Ion torrent next‐generation technology and a summary of the data presented here. With the exception of the inserted region, the virus genome had no large scale modifications and 110 mutations with respect to the MYXV reference strain Lausanne were observed. The next phase in the evolution of MYXV has taken place as a host species jump from the European rabbit to the Iberian hare an occurrence which could have important effects on this naïve population.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

First near-relativistic solar electron events observed by EPD onboard Solar Orbiter

Context. Solar Orbiter, launched in February 2020, started its cruise phase in June 2020, in coincidence with its first perihelion at 0.51 au from the Sun. The in situ instruments onboard, including the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD), operate continuously during the cruise phase enabling the observation of solar energetic particles. Aims. In situ measurements of the first near-relativistic solar electron events observed in July 2020 by EPD are analyzed and the solar origins and the conditions for the interplanetary transport of these particles investigated. Methods. Electron observations from keV energies to the near-relativistic range were combined with the detection of type III radio bursts and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations from multiple spacecraft in order to identify the solar origin of the electron events. Electron anisotropies and timing as well as the plasma and magnetic field environment were evaluated to characterize the interplanetary transport conditions. Results. All electron events were clearly associated with type III radio bursts. EUV jets were also found in association with all of them except one. A diversity of time profiles and pitch-angle distributions was observed. Different source locations and different magnetic connectivity and transport conditions were likely involved. The July 11 event was also detected by Wind, separated 107 degrees in longitude from Solar Orbiter. For the July 22 event, the Suprathermal Electron and Proton sensor of EPD allowed for us to not only resolve multiple electron injections at low energies, but it also provided an exceptionally high pitch-angle resolution of a very anisotropic beam. This, together with radio observations of local Langmuir waves suggest a very good magnetic connection during the July 22 event. This scenario is challenged by a high-frequency occultation of the type III radio burst and a nominally non-direct connection to the source; therefore, magnetic connectivity requires further investigation.Agencia Estatal de Investigació

The first widespread solar energetic particle event observed by Solar Orbiter on 2020 November 29

Context. On 2020 November 29, the first widespread solar energetic particle (SEP) event of solar cycle 25 was observed at four widely separated locations in the inner (.1 AU) heliosphere. Relativistic electrons as well as protons with energies >50 MeV were observed by Solar Orbiter (SolO), Parker Solar Probe, the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO)-A and multiple near-Earth spacecraft. The SEP event was associated with an M4.4 class X-ray flare and accompanied by a coronal mass ejection and an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wave as well as a type II radio burst and multiple type III radio bursts. Aims. We present multi-spacecraft particle observations and place them in context with source observations from remote sensing instruments and discuss how such observations may further our understanding of particle acceleration and transport in this widespread event. Methods. Velocity dispersion analysis (VDA) and time shift analysis (TSA) were used to infer the particle release times at the Sun. Solar wind plasma and magnetic field measurements were examined to identify structures that influence the properties of the energetic particles such as their intensity. Pitch angle distributions and first-order anisotropies were analyzed in order to characterize the particle propagation in the interplanetary medium. Results. We find that during the 2020 November 29 SEP event, particles spread over more than 230◦ in longitude close to 1 AU. The particle onset delays observed at the different spacecraft are larger as the flare–footpoint angle increases and are consistent with those from previous STEREO observations. Comparing the timing when the EUV wave intersects the estimated magnetic footpoints of each spacecraft with particle release times from TSA and VDA, we conclude that a simple scenario where the particle release is only determined by the EUV wave propagation is unlikely for this event. Observations of anisotropic particle distributions at SolO, Wind, and STEREO-A do not rule out that particles are injected over a wide longitudinal range close to the Sun. However, the low values of the first-order anisotropy observed by near-Earth spacecraft suggest that diffusive propagation processes are likely involved.Agencia Estatal de Investigació

Kinescan/IBV V11: Biomechanical assessment in real time

[EN] Experts in biomechanical assessment are very interested in increasing precision of the measurements, reducing the needed time for evaluating patients and giving more flexibility to their labs. Therefore, we developed a new version of our system for kinematic analysis of human movement: Kinescan/IBV V11. Kinescan/IBV V11 is based in digital video technology and is able to make a distributed pre-processing. So it can analyse automatically movements in real time and use an unlimited number of cameras. The labs of functional assessment can reduce their costs, reduce their needed time for the assessment and increase their precision and reliability.[ES] El interés de los expertos en valoración biomecánica por incrementar la precisión de las medidas, reducir los tiempos de valoración y dotar de mayor flexibilidad a sus laboratorios es cada vez más creciente. Por esos motivos, hemos desarrollado una nueva versión de nuestro sistema de análisis cinemático de los movimientos humanos: Kinescan/IBV V11. Kinescan V11 es un sistema basado en tecnología vídeo digital con preprocesado distribuido que permite, entre otras características, analizar los movimientos en tiempo real y de forma automática y utilizar cuantas cámaras sean necesarias. Gracias a esta tecnología, los laboratorios de valoración funcional del IBV podrán reducir sus costes de operación, reducir los tiempos de valoración e incrementar su precisión y fiabilidad.Montero Vilela, J.; Parra Gonzalez, F.; Parrilla Bernabé, E.; Medina Ripoll, E.; Lopez Pascual, J.; Moreno Cano, R.; Castelli., A.... (2013). Kinescan/IBV v11: Valoración biomecánica en tiempo real. Revista de biomecánica. 59:35-38. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/38676S35385

Myxomatosis and rabbit Haemorrhagic disease: A 30-year study of the occurrence on commercial farms in Spain

In this retrospective study, we describe the relative occurrence of clinical myxomatosis, and rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), on 1714 commercial farms visited in Spain, between 1988 and 2018. We determined the annual prevalence based on 817 visits to 394 farms affected by myxomatosis. Myxomatosis was more prevalent from August to March, being lowest in June (3%) and highest in September (8.9%). With regard to RHD, we assessed 253 visits to 156 affected farms. We analyzed mean annual and monthly incidence. Two important RHD epidemics occurred; the first in 1988-1989 due to RHDV GI.1 (also known as RHDV), and the second from 2011 to 2013 due to RHDV GI.2 (RHDV2 or RHDVb). These epidemics occurred at times when effective vaccination had not been carried out. Relative monthly incidence in 2011-2018 was higher from April to August (p < 0.001). The results we obtained from 1404 necropsies on 102 farms did not clearly relate serosanguinous nasal discharge in rabbits with disease caused by GI.2 infection. We also assessed vaccination schedules used on 200 doe farms visited from the end of 2014 to 2018; 95.5% vaccinated against myxomatosis and 97.5% against RHD. Both diseases remain prevalent; however, effective vaccination has produced a steady decline in myxomatosis and RHDV GI.1 and GI.2 on-farm detection. The maintenance of high hygienic standards will be needed to continue and improve this control. However, further studies are required to investigate the causes of sustained virus presence and vaccine breaks.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio