Adam Smith’s Unnaturally Natural (nonetheless Naturally Unnatural) use of the Word Natural

Natural and nature are complex words, fraught with ambiguity and contradiction. This paper does not attempt to give a complete account of Smith\u27s use of these words. However, it does demonstrate that Smith did not necessarily approve of what he called natural or nature . Economists and others who assume otherwise are in error. A study, analysis, and/or interpretation of Smith\u27s work which depends upon this (at times unstated) assumption - that Smith necessarily approved of nature or the natural - needs to be read with great care; perhaps even incredulity.

An exploration of sports rehabilitators and athletic rehabilitation therapists' views on fear of re-injury following Anterior Cruciate Ligament reconstruction.

Date of Acceptance: 08/12/2014 The article appears here in its accepted, peer-reviewed form, as it was provided by the submitting author. It has not been copyedited, proofed, or formatted by the publisherAim: The aim of the study was to gain a greater understanding of the views of sports rehabilitators and athletic rehabilitation therapists on recognition of fear of re-injury in clients following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Background: Research involving long term follow up of patients following successful ALCR rehabilitation has shown return to sport rates are not as good as would be expected despite many patients having normal functional knee scores. The psychological component, specifically fear of re-injury plays a critical role in determining patients returning to play, and is frequently underestimated. Little is known about the recognition and intervention from the therapists’ perspective.Peer reviewe

Fast rates for noisy clustering

The effect of errors in variables in empirical minimization is investigated. Given a loss $l$ and a set of decision rules $\mathcal{G}$, we prove a general upper bound for an empirical minimization based on a deconvolution kernel and a noisy sample $Z_i=X_i+\epsilon_i,i=1,...,n$. We apply this general upper bound to give the rate of convergence for the expected excess risk in noisy clustering. A recent bound from \citet{levrard} proves that this rate is $\mathcal{O}(1/n)$ in the direct case, under Pollard's regularity assumptions. Here the effect of noisy measurements gives a rate of the form $\mathcal{O}(1/n^{\frac{\gamma}{\gamma+2\beta}})$, where $\gamma$ is the H\"older regularity of the density of $X$ whereas $\beta$ is the degree of illposedness

A General Method for Obtaining a Lower Bound for the Ground State Entropy Density of the Ising Model With Short Range Interactions

We present a general method for obtaining a lower bound for the ground state entropy density of the Ising Model with nearest neighbor interactions. Then, using this method, and with a random coupling constant configuration, we obtain a lower bound for the ground state entropy density of the square, triangular, and hexagonal two-dimensional lattices with free, cylindrical, and toroidal boundary conditions.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure

Elimination of All Bad Local Minima in Deep Learning

In this paper, we theoretically prove that adding one special neuron per output unit eliminates all suboptimal local minima of any deep neural network, for multi-class classification, binary classification, and regression with an arbitrary loss function, under practical assumptions. At every local minimum of any deep neural network with these added neurons, the set of parameters of the original neural network (without added neurons) is guaranteed to be a global minimum of the original neural network. The effects of the added neurons are proven to automatically vanish at every local minimum. Moreover, we provide a novel theoretical characterization of a failure mode of eliminating suboptimal local minima via an additional theorem and several examples. This paper also introduces a novel proof technique based on the perturbable gradient basis (PGB) necessary condition of local minima, which provides new insight into the elimination of local minima and is applicable to analyze various models and transformations of objective functions beyond the elimination of local minima.Comment: Accepted to appear in AISTATS 202

Inter-industry labor mobility in Taiwan, China

Do flexible labor markets lubricate growth? Using data from Taiwan, China, to analyze the effects of labor market flexibility, the authors find that: 1) Workers are more likely to move to industries that tend to be similar to their industry of origin (including intrasectoral moves that would be considered intersectoraal if there were more sectoral disaggregation). The degree of similarity between two industries is measured in several ways, all of them based on the input-output flows across industries. Workers are more likely to move from industry"i"to industry"j"if"i"supplies a large share of"j's"inputs, receives a large share of its inputs from"j,"or uses many of the same inputs. 2) Moves to more similar industries produce larger wage gains. This is especially true when the industries'similarity is based on their using many of the same inputs. Thid may be partly because the close proximity of industries, occupations, and individuals provides an environment in which ideas flow quickly from person to person. 3) Gains are more likely to accrue to industries as a result of labor mobility.Labor Policies,Water and Industry,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Public Health Promotion,Environmental Economics&Policies,Water and Industry,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Industrial Management,Banks&Banking Reform

The case for industrial policy : a critical survey

What are the underlying rationales for industrial policy? Does empirical evidence support the use of industrial policy for correcting market failures that plague the process of industrialization? To address these questions, the authors provide a critical survey of the analytical literature on industrial policy. They also review some recent industry successes and argue that only a limited role was played by public interventions. Moreover, the recent ascendance of international industrial networks, which dominate the sectors in which less developed countries have in the past had considerable success, implies a further limitation on the potential role of industrial policies as traditionally understood. Overall, there appears to be little empirical support for an activist government policy even though market failures exist that can, in principle, justify the use of industrial policy.Economic Theory&Research,ICT Policy and Strategies,Water and Industry,Industrial Management,Markets and Market Access