From Lattice Gauge Theories to Hydrogen Atoms

We construct canonical transformations to obtain a complete and most economical realization of the physical Hilbert space ${\cal H}^p$ of pure $SU(2)_{2+1}$ lattice gauge theory in terms of Wigner coupled Hilbert spaces of hydrogen atoms. One hydrogen atom is assigned to every plaquette of the lattice. A complete orthonormal description of the Wilson loop basis in ${\cal H}^p$ is obtained by all possible angular momentum Wigner couplings of hydrogen atom energy eigenstates $\vert n~l~m\rangle$ describing electric fluxes on the loops. The SU(2) gauge invariance implies that the total angular momenta of all hydrogen atoms vanish. The canonical transformations also enable us to rewrite the Kogut-Susskind Hamiltonian in terms of fundamental Wilson loop operators and their conjugate electric fields. The resulting loop Hamiltonian has a global SU(2) invariance and a simple weak coupling ($g^2\rightarrow 0$) continuum limit. The canonical transformations leading to the loop Hamiltonian are valid for any SU(N). The ideas and techniques can also be extended to higher dimension.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures. minor typos corrected, minor changes in abstrac

Prevalence of multiple myeloma and its complication in a tertiary medical college at Calicut district, India

Background: Multiple myeloma is a blood cancer that develops in the bone marrow, which is soft, spongy tissue found in the center of many bones where blood cells are produced. In myeloma, plasma cells, which are normal antibody-producing cells, transform into cancerous myeloma cells. The objectives of this study was the prevalence and complications of multiple myeloma.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary hospital at Calicut. Semi structured questionnaire was used to study the prevalence and associated complications of multiple myeloma. History taking, physical examinations and investigations like hemoglobin estimation, peripheral smear, electrophoresis, renal function test, calcium estimation, X-ray of thoracic, lumbar spine, humerus, hip region was done. There was also an attempt to find co-morbidities hypertension, diabetes mellitus and neurological abnormalities. The variables was entered into excel and data were expressed in tables. Results: The prevalence of multiple myeloma in Calicut was found to be 77.90% of the bone marrow results were consistent with multiple myeloma. Urine Bence jone protein was positive for 22.9% of cases. Electrophoresis was done and M Band was seen positive for 78.6%. Serum blood urea value was more for 25.7% patients and 22.95% had elevated serum creatinine value. Spine compression was found among 41.4% and osteoporosis was seen in 21.4% patients. Hypertension was seen among 90% cases and Diabetes Mellitus in 4.7% of males.10 % of the patient has valvular heart disease.Conclusion: The study was able to find out the prevalence and project complications of multiple myeloma at Calicut. As there are cases in the district, present medicos who are the future doctors should be trained appropriately to diagnose and treat the disease

In-Vitro Antagonistic Activity of Plant Extract on Fusarium Species

Plant protection is an important area which needs attention since most of the hazardous inputs added into the agricultural system are in the form of plant protection chemicals. Botanicals possess a variety of promising properties which make it a better biocontrol agent. The objectives of the present study were to isolate Fusarium sp. from soil and to check the effect of botanicals against this fungal pathogen in-vitro. The antagonistic activity of botanicals was studied by co-inoculation with the Fusarium sp. isolated from rhizosphere soil. In poison food technique, the botanicals in different concentration, showed decrease in the growth of the fungal pathogen. Maximum inhibition was observed in 10% Azadiracta sp. with 64% inhibition followed by 5% Azadiracta sp. with 57.8

Earthworm Population in Relation to Different Agro Climatic Regions of Wayanad District of Kerala

Among the numerous microorganisms in the soil, earthworms play an important role in the formation and maintenance of soil structure and fertility by altering the physical, chemical and biological properties. A study was conducted in Wayanad district during 2017 to 2018 to collect and identify the earthworm species present in three agro climatic regions of Wayanad. A total of 30 samples were collected from Wetland, upland and an evergreen forest. A total of 15 earth worm species were identified and among this two species were new to Wayanad, the Dravida thomasi and Amynthas corticis

Generalized parton distributions of gluon in proton: a light-front quantization approach

We solve for the gluon generalized parton distributions (GPDs) inside the proton, focusing specifically on leading twist chiral-even GPDs. We obtain and employ the light-front wavefunctions (LFWFs) of the proton from a light-front quantized Hamiltonian with Quantum Chromodynamics input using basis light-front quantization (BLFQ). Our investigation incorporates the valence Fock sector with three constituent quarks and an additional Fock sector, encompassing three quarks and a dynamical gluon. We examine the GPDs within impact parameter space and evaluate the $x$-dependence of the transverse square radius. We find that the transverse size of the gluon at lower-$x$ is larger than that of the quark, while it exhibits opposite behavior at large-$x$. Using the proton spin sum rule, we also determine the relative contributions of quarks and the gluon to the total angular momentum of the proton.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure