Chronique de jurisprudence : droit bancaire. III, Crédits aux entreprises : sûretés [1]

Quand le montant de la créance cédée à titre de garantie excède le montant de la créance principale garantie, le débiteur de la créance cédée peut valablement se libérer entre les mains du cédant pour les sommes excédant le montant de la créance principale

Chronique de jurisprudence : droit bancaire. VI, Droit bancaire international : sûretés

La garantie ici délivrée était soumise aux règles uniformes en matière de garantie à première demande de la chambre de commerce internationale selon lesquelles, sauf convention expresse contraire, le bénéficiaire doit, conformément à l\u27article 20, déclarer par écrit que le donneur d\u27ordre a manqué à une ou plusieurs de ses obligations prévues par le contrat de base et préciser en quoi le donneur d\u27ordre a manqué à cette obligation. Le donneur d\u27ordre peut invoquer le manquement contractuel du garant de premier rang pour engager sa responsabilité délictuelle

Chronique de jurisprudence : droit bancaire. III, Crédits aux entreprises et garanties : cautionnement [1]

1re espèce : L\u27article L. 341-4 du Code de la consommation n\u27est pas applicable aux cautionnements souscrits avant son entrée en vigueur. 2e espèce : L\u27obligation d\u27information annuelle n\u27est pas applicable à la sûreté réelle pour autrui, mais elle s\u27impose quand l\u27acte contient également un engagement personnel du constituant. 3e espèce : Le gérant de société qui s\u27est porté caution des dettes de sa société peut se prévaloir du défaut d\u27information annuelle

Chronique de jurisprudence : droit bancaire. III, Crédits aux entreprises et garanties : cession de créance

La cession de créance à titre de garantie est un nantissement mais, si elle est signifiée, elle est opposable à la procédure collective

Chronique de jurisprudence : droit bancaire. II, Crédits immobiliers et garanties : garantie de livraison

La garantie de livraison étant une garantie légale d\u27ordre public et autonome, la résiliation du contrat de construction n\u27entraîne pas sa caducité

Evolution in prostheses for sprinters with lower-limb amputation

Depuis une quinzaine d'années, les progrès techniques en appareillage ont été le facteur déterminant de la progression des performances des sportifs amputés de membre inférieur. Pour l'amputé tibial, la prothèse de course comprend un manchon gel et une emboîture solidarisés par un accrochage distal ou un vide virtuel. Par ses qualités dynamiques, le pied en fibre de carbone, garni de pointes, assure des performances remarquables. Pour l'amputé fémoral, équipé des mêmes pieds prothétiques, le genou est à biellettes et à contrôle des phases d'appui et pendulaire. Par rapport au coureur valide, le temps d'appui sur le membre appareillé est raccourci tandis que celui sur le membre sain est allongé. L'asymétrie du sprint de l'amputé tibial est discrète. C'est le travail des extenseurs de hanche qui est la principale compensation au déficit de propulsion dû à l'amputation. Chez l'amputé fémoral, l'absence de genou aggrave l'asymétrie. L'extension totale du genou prothétique, précoce en fin de phase oscillante et persistant pendant toute la phase d'appui, impose une compensation par une augmentation d'extension de la hanche controlatérale. Les transferts de charge de travail entre côté amputé et sain, par l'intermédiaire d'une hyperlordose lombaire, mettent en jeu le bassin, le tronc et les épaules. Les amputés sportifs font progresser la recherche en appareillage. Leurs orthoprothésistes acquièrent avec eux un savoir-faire dont bénéficient leurs patients non-sportifs.For about 15 years, technical advances in prosthetic treatment have been the main factor in the increased performance of athletes with lower-limb amputation. For trans-tibial amputation, the prosthesis for sprinting is composed of a gel liner and a socket joined by a locking or virtual vacuum liner. Because of these dynamic properties, the carbon prosthetic foot equipped with tacks ensures outstanding performance. For trans-femoral amputation, a hydraulic swing and a stance control unit are added to the same prosthesis. In comparison with the able-bodied runner, athletes with amputation have smaller loading times in the prosthetic limb and larger ones in the sound limb. The length of the energy-storing prosthetic foot is determined by the “up-on-the-toes” running gait. The sprinting gait with trans-tibial amputation is almost symmetrical. The hip extensor effort is the main compensation of propulsion reduction with lower-limb amputation. With trans-femoral amputation, the lack of knee increases the asymmetry. The total prosthetic knee extension (early in late-swing phase and lasting during total stance phase) compensates with extension of both hips, especially the opposite one. The amputation and sound limb load transfer with lumbar hyperlordosis concern the pelvis, trunk and shoulders. Because of athletes with amputation, research in prosthetic treatment has progressed. The development of orthotics and prostheses for such athletes has benefited non-athletes with amputation

Refrigeration System for the ATLAS Experiment

The proposed ATLAS detector for the 27 km circumference LHC collider is of unprecedented size and complexity. The magnet configuration is based on an inner superconducting solenoid and large superconducting air-core toroids (barrel and two end-caps) each made of eight coils symmetrically arranged outside the calorimetry. The total cold mass approaches 600 tons and the stored energy is 1.7 GJ. The cryogenic infrastructure will include a 6 kW @ 4.5 K refrigerator, a precooling unit and distribution systems and permits flexible operation during cool-down, normal running and quench recovery. A dedicated LN2 refrigeration system is proposed for the three liquid argon calorimeters (84 m3 of LAr). Magnets and calorimeters will be individually tested prior to their definitive installation in a large scale cryogenic test area on the surface. The experiment is scheduled to be operational in 2005

Gaia Focused Product Release: Spatial distribution of two diffuse interstellar bands

Diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are absorption features seen in optical and infrared spectra of stars that are probably caused by large and complex molecules in the ISM. Here we investigate the Galactic distribution and properties of two DIBs identified in almost six million stellar spectra collected by the Gaia Radial Velocity Spectrometer. These measurements constitute a part of the Gaia Focused Product Release to be made public between the Gaia DR3 and DR4 data releases. In order to isolate the DIB signal from the stellar features in each individual spectrum, we identified a set of 160 000 spectra at high Galactic latitudes which we consider to be the DIB-free reference sample. Matching each target spectrum to its closest reference spectra in stellar parameter space allowed us to remove the stellar spectrum empirically, without reference to stellar models, leaving a set of six million ISM spectra. Identifying the two DIBs at 862.1 nm and 864.8 nm in the stacked spectra, we modelled their shapes and report the depth, central wavelength, width, and equivalent width (EW) for each, along with confidence bounds on these measurements. Our main results are as follows: (1) the strength and spatial distribution of the DIB $\lambda$862.1 are very consistent with what was found in Gaia DR3, but for this work we attained a higher signal-to-noise ratio in the stacked spectra to larger distances, which allowed us to trace DIBs in the outer spiral arm and beyond the Scutum--Centaurus spiral arm; (2) we produced an all-sky map below ${\pm}65^{\circ}$ of Galactic latitude to $\sim$4000 pc of both DIB features and their correlations; (3) we detected the signals of DIB\,$\lambda$862.1 inside the Local Bubble; and (4) there is a reasonable correlation with the dust reddening found from stellar absorption and EWs of both DIBs.Comment: 29 pages, accepted for publication in A&

Reappraising the use of forearm rings for bat species

Long-term mark-recapture studies are essential for bat conservation. Over the last decades, millions of bats across Europe and America have been marked with forearm rings for this purpose. Although it is considered a costeffective method compared to Passive Integrated Transponders (PIT) tags, direct injuries from using forearm rings have been reported since their very first use. Yet, their impact on bats’ welfare has not been systematically evaluated and remains a highly controversial issue among the scientific community and policymakers. Here we assess the impact of forearm rings and PIT tags on the health of different bat species. We reviewed 12 years of the existing recapture data of free-ranging bats from NE Spain and evaluated the impact of both marking tools in a captive colony of Carollia perspicillata, by assessing the development of skin lesions and levels of cortisol metabolites in guano (CG) after marking. We report that 55.1 % (435/790) of the recaptured free-ranging bats with forearm rings presented skin lesions. All banded C. perspicillata (n = 22, 100 %) developed skin lesions, whereas none of the PIT-tagged (n = 21) presented lesions. Levels of CG were significantly higher after marking with forearm rings only for one group. Banded C. perspicillata exhibited discomfort-associated behaviours due to forearm rings. Under the “precautionary principle”, we recommend the ban of forearm rings for all bat species until species-specific studies under controlled conditions are performed and approved by a legally constituted ethics committee. Consideration of other long-term marking tools is mandatory to align with global bat conservation strategies.This work has received financial support from the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR; 2020PANDE00028) and the Fundació Zoo de Barcelona (ZOO2020_02). Maria P. Ribas was funded through the 2021 FI Scholarship, Departament de Recerca i Universitats, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain (FI_B 00171). We thank all the veterinary students and the Butterfly Park Empuriabrava staff for their collaboration and devoted care of the animals.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio