Nanoparticles synthesis in wet-operating stirred media: Preliminary investigation with DEM simulations

The growing demand of nanomaterials is pushing towards the development of alternative strategies for the safe and sustainable production of nanoparticles. At the same time, to ensure high performances, a fine control over the product specifications is required. We focused on a bottom-up method combined with a mechanical disaggregation technique using a wet bead-stirring process, since it provides numerous advantages over other approaches, including the minimization of the nanoparticles air dispersion and a greater control over the final product. However, given the broad variability of the parameters involved in both the setup and operation of the process, it is essential to combine the experiments with a theoretical-simulative study to optimize the design. The present activity consists in the preliminary simulation of the interactions among the grinding beads, modelled through the discrete element method (DEM), and the magnetic stirrer. This approach, providing information regarding the frequency and energy of collisions, which can be related to the properties of the produced nanoparticles, allows a fine tuning of the process parameters

The role of the temporal cortex in long-latency auditory evoked potentials

Existen aun controversias sobre los posibles generadores de los potenciales evocados auditivos de larga latencia (PEAL). Algunas evidencias sugieren que la cortez auditiva juega un rol en la definición de dichos potenciales. A partir de esta hipótesis nos propusimos investigar la existencia de eventuales modificaciones en el procesamiento de la información auditiva, cuando ese área de la corteza está alterada, tal como sucede en la epilepsia temporal. Se estudió una población de 19 pacientes con diagnóstico de epilepsia temporal primaria, en base a los datos clínicos y EEG y comparamos los resultados, con una población control de 17 sujetos, y también con un grupo control de 4 pacientes con epilepsia jacksoniana que recibía medicación anticonvulsivante similar a la del grupo probando. En todos los casos se hicieron potenciales auditivos de corta latencia (PEAT) y PEAL. Los PEAL, se exploraron a partir del estímulo monoaural de un tono de 1000 Hz de 50 ms de duración, a 50 db. El intervalo interestímulo fue de 1 s. La actividad eléctrica cerebral fue recogida por electrodos colocados en Cz, F3 y F4, con referencia a la región mastoidea. Se promediaron 50 estímulos sobre una base de tiempo de 500 ms; se utilizó una banda de filtro de 125 a 1 Hz. Se analizaron las latencias y amplitudes de los componentes de los 2 tipos de potenciales evocados estudiados. En los PEAT no se hallaron diferencias entre controles y pacientes. Para el análisis de los resultados de los PEAL dividimos la poblacion de enfermos en 3 grupos, epilepsia temporal derecha (D), epilepsia temporal izquierda (I) y epilepsia temporal, en la que no pudo determinarse el lado (N). En los pacientes (D) se observo un retardo en la latencia al estimular el oido izquierdo en los componentes P1 (F4 X87+-10.4 ms) y N1 (F4 X 122.33 +- 6.1 ms; Cz X 170.75 +- 18.8 ms). En los enfermos (I) al estimular el oido derecho, el retardo se evidencio en el componente N1 (Cz X 134.8 +-22.9 ms). En el grupo (N) no se observaron alteraciones significativas. Estos resultados sugieren que la corteza temporal participa en la génesis de este tipo de potenciales

Patterns of tumor response in canine and feline cancer patients treated with electrochemotherapy: preclinical data for the standardization of this treatment in pets and humans

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a novel anticancer therapy that is currently being evaluated in human and pet cancer patients. ECT associates the administration of an anti-tumor agent to the delivery of trains of appropriate waveforms. The increased uptake of chemotherapy leads to apoptotic death of the neoplasm thus resulting in prolonged local control and extended survival. In this paper we describe the histological features of a broad array of spontaneous tumors of companion animals receiving pulse-mediated chemotherapy. Multivariate statistical analysis of the percentage of necrosis and apoptosis in the tumors before and after ECT treatment, shows that only a high percentage of necrosis and apoptosis after the ECT treatment were significantly correlated with longer survivals of the patients (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.004, respectively). Further studies on this topic are warranted in companion animals with spontaneous tumors to identify new molecular targets for electrochemotherapy and to the develop new therapeutical protocols to be translated to humans

Monitoring and mapping soil functionality in degraded areas of organic European vineyards

Póster presentado en el 11th International Terroir Congress, celebrado en Willamette Valley, Oregon (Estados Unidos) del 10 al 14 de julio de 2016.Soil malfunctioning, caused by an improper land preparation before vine plantation and/or management, is a common problem in European vineyards. Soil malfunctioning can include: reduced contribution of the soil fauna, poor organic matter content, imbalance nutritional status, altered pH, water deficiency, soil compaction and/or scarce oxygenation. To address these problems, ReSolVe, a transnational European research project, aimed at testing the effects of selected agronomic strategies for restoring optimal soil functionality in degraded areas within organic vineyard. The project involves 8 research groups in 6 different EU countries (Italy, Spain, France, Sweden, Slovenia, and Turkey) with experts from several disciplines including soil science, ecology, microbiology, grapevine physiology, viticulture, and biometry. The experimental vineyards are situated in Italy (Chianti hills and Maremma plain, Tuscany), Spain (La Rioja), France (Bordeaux and Languedoc), and Slovenia (Primorska) for winegrapes, and in Turkey (Adana and Mersin) for tablegrapes. Three different restoring strategies have been implemented: (i) compost, (ii) green manure with winter legumes, and (iii) dry mulching with cover crops. These strategies have being tested according to their efficiency to improve i) plant and root growth; and ii) grape yield and quality; optimize iii) the quality of soil ecosystem services; and iv) the terroir effect. The first activity of the project was characterizing and mapping the degraded areas within experimental vineyards. In the work we used non-invasive technologies to characterize soil and plant status. In Spanish and Italian vineyards, the delineation of degraded areas was performed by gamma-ray spectroscopy for topsoil, RGB machine vision for canopy status and thermography for plant water status. Gamma-ray spectroscopy measured continuously the natural gamma-ray emitted from the first 30-40 cm of soil, calculating the contribution of the main radionuclides (40K, 232Th, and 238U). The spectra of gamma-ray were able to provide information about mineralogy, texture, surficial stoniness and carbonates. RGB and thermal cameras were used to assess canopy porosity, leaf area exposure and vine water status of both degraded and non-degraded areas. All soil, canopy and water status parameters were mapped.Peer Reviewe

Exploring the Energy Landscape of the Charge Transport Levels in Organic Semiconductors at the Molecular Scale

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Soil functionality assessment in degraded plots of vineyards

Land transformation to adapt fields to mechanization in perennial crop farming is a common practice which includes land levelling, deep ploughing, stone-breakage and clearing, application of fertilizers and amendments. Manipulation of the natural soil profile along its entire depth can severely disturb the naturally existing chemical physical,biological and hydrological equilibrium (Costantini and Barbetti, 2008; Costantini et al., 2013). The most common effects of the land transformation are mixing of soil horizons and soil truncation, which result in reduction of soil depth and available water, organic matter depletion, enrichment of calcium carbonate content in the topsoil,imbalance of some element ratio, and decline in the activity and diversity of soil biological communities involved in nutrient cycles. A decline in the capacity of soil to accommodate the soil-dwelling organisms causes a strong impact on several ecosystem services, in particular, the growth of the vine, the quality and quantity of the grapes,the production costs and the risk of erosion. These negative effects of a pre-planting mismanagement can occur simultaneously and interact to decrease soil fertility and grapevine performance (Lanyon et al., 2004; Tagliavini and Rombolà, 2001; Martínez-Casasnovas and Ramos, 2009).Since soil spatial variability is usually high, soil manipulations frequently result into reduced soil functionality and decline of soil ecosystem services in defined plots of the vineyards. Sometimes soil degradation in these areas is very high and compromises not only vine performance and crop yield, but also disease resistance of plants to diseases and their survival. The impact of improper soil manipulations in vineyards may be of particular concern, because vineyards are frequently located on marginal hillsides, which are sensitive to soil erosion and characterized by shallow soil depth (Ramos, 2006). This paper wants to show the assessment of soil functionality in degraded areas within two farms in Tuscany. This work reports the results of the first activities in Italian sites of the ReSolVe Core-organic+ project, aimed at restoring optimal Soil functionality in degraded areas within organic European vineyards

Effects of Lattice and Molecular Phonons on Photoinduced Neutral-to-Ionic Transition Dynamics in Tetrathiafulvalene-pp-Chloranil

For electronic states and photoinduced charge dynamics near the neutral-ionic transition in the mixed-stack charge-transfer complex tetrathiafulvalene-$p$-chloranil (TTF-CA), we review the effects of Peierls coupling to lattice phonons modulating transfer integrals and Holstein couplings to molecular vibrations modulating site energies. The former stabilizes the ionic phase and reduces discontinuities in the phase transition, while the latter stabilizes the neutral phase and enhances the discontinuities. To reproduce the experimentally observed ionicity, optical conductivity and photoinduced charge dynamics, both couplings are quantitatively important. In particular, strong Holstein couplings to form the highly-stabilized neutral phase are necessary for the ionic phase to be a Mott insulator with large ionicity. A comparison with the observed photoinduced charge dynamics indicates the presence of strings of lattice dimerization in the neutral phase above the transition temperature.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in J. Phys. Soc. Jp

Impact of social determinants on antiretroviral therapy access and outcomes entering the era of universal treatment for people living with HIV in Italy

Background: Social determinants are known to be a driving force of health inequalities, even in high income countries. Aim of our study was to determine if these factors can limit antiretroviral therapy (ART) access, outcome and retention in care of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Italy. Methods: All ART naïve HIV+ patients (pts) of Italian nationality enrolled in the ICONA Cohort from 2002 to 2016 were included. The association of socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, risk factor for HIV infection, educational level, occupational status and residency area) with time to: ART initiation (from the first positive anti-HIV test), ART regimen discontinuation, and first HIV-RNA &lt; 50 cp/mL, were evaluated by Cox regression analysis, Kaplan Meier method and log-rank test. Results: A total of 8023 HIV+ pts (82% males, median age at first pos anti-HIV test 36 years, IQR: 29-44) were included: 6214 (77.5%) started ART during the study period. Women, people who inject drugs (PWID) and residents in Southern Italy presented the lowest levels of education and the highest rate of unemployment compared to other groups. Females, pts aged &gt; 50 yrs., unemployed vs employed, and people with lower educational levels presented the lowest CD4 count at ART initiation compared to other groups. The overall median time to ART initiation was 0.6 years (yrs) (IQR 0.1-3.7), with a significant decrease over time [2002-2006 = 3.3 yrs. (0.2-9.4); 2007-2011 = 1.0 yrs. (0.1-3.9); 2012-2016 = 0.2 yrs. (0.1-2.1), p &lt; 0.001]. By multivariate analysis, females (p &lt; 0.01) and PWID (p &lt; 0.001), presented a longer time to ART initiation, while older people (p &lt; 0.001), people with higher educational levels (p &lt; 0.001), unemployed (p = 0.02) and students (p &lt; 0.001) were more likely to initiate ART. Moreover, PWID, unemployed vs stable employed, and pts. with lower educational levels showed a lower 1-year probability of achieving HIV-RNA suppression, while females, older patients, men who have sex with men (MSM), unemployed had higher 1-year risk of first-line ART discontinuation. Conclusions: Despite median time to ART start decreased from 2002 to 2016, socio-demographic factors still contribute to disparities in ART initiation, outcome and durability