56 research outputs found
Optimization of broadband semiconductor chirped mirrors with genetic algorithm
Genetic algorithm was applied for optimization
of dispersion properties in semiconductor Bragg reflectors
for applications in femtosecond lasers. Broadband,
large negative group-delay dispersion was achieved in the
optimized design: The group-delay dispersion (GDD) as
large as −3500 fs2
was theoretically obtained over a 10-nm
bandwidth. The designed structure was manufactured and
tested, providing GDD −3320 fs2
over a 7-nm bandwidth.
The mirror performance was verified in semiconductor
structures grown with molecular beam epitaxy. The mirror
was tested in a passively mode-locked Yb:KYW laser
The evaluation of hydrodynamic balance at the Wkra River estuary
The river bed stability analysis at the Wkra estuary reach is presented in this paper. When a flood appears,
channel and river bed erosion can reach a significant size. During such a situation, flow and water velocity exceed
critical values for particular bed sediment grain sizes. This causes the breakage of bed armouring, and then bed mass
motion begins.
For the estimation of the sandy Wkra River bed the criteria of average velocity and bed armouring were applied with
the use of ARMOUR software. The two Wkra River cross-sections at km 1+000 and km 3+200 distance were analysed.
The calculation of the characteristics of bed sediment velocities was performed on the basis of, among other
factors, probable river flow data, longitudinal slope, and grain size distribution of the bed. The results of the calculations
were compared with average velocities in the analysed cross-sections.
The results indicate the there is a threat to the stability of the Wkra River bed, especially during long-lasting high
water stages. The prognosis of river bed stability loss performed by use of ARMOUR software shows that the bed
armour breakage will take place in both considered cross-sections at relatively low water stages (about 40 cm), and
mass motion of bed sediments in cross-section P-2 will occur at a flow of slightly lower than Q50% ,and in cross-section
P-1 at flows greater then Q0,3%
Przepięcia łączeniowe i piorunowe a wymagany poziom wytrzymałości otwartych styków wyłączników 245 KV
Przedstawiono sposób oceny wartości przepięć generowanych w sieci pomiędzy otwartymi stykami wyłącznika podczas operacji łączeniowych i wyładowań piorunowych. Wartości przepięć porównano z wartościami napięć probierczych wyłączników. Zaproponowano sposób doboru ograniczników napięcia. Wyłączanie prądów zwarciowych może powodować osłabienie izolacji komory wyłącznika zmniejszając jego wytrzymałość elektryczną i trwałość łączeniową. W energetyce zgłaszano przypadki zapłonów łuku na otwartych stykach wyłączników, tego rodzaju awarie mogą być bardzo groźne w skutkach. Problem ten dotyczy przede wszystkim wyłączników jednoprzerwowych, w których naprężenia elektryczne izolacji przerwy pomiędzy stykowej wyłącznika są bardzo duże. Z tego powodu pojawiają się postulaty zwiększenia liczby łączeń podczas badań typu wyłącznika, jakie należy wykonywać bez wymiany jakichkolwiek części komory wyłącznika, czy też napędu.This paper deals with the surges generated in the network during switching operations and lightning surges. The level of both kinds of surge was compared with the required dielectric strength between the open contacts of 245 kV circuit breakers. Overvoltages greater than the electrical withstand voltage of the circuit breaker can cause arc ignition between the circuit breaker’s open contacts and power engineering service s have reported such cases. The results of such failures can be very serious. This is a problem especially for single-break circuit breakers, in which the stresses on the electrical insulation between the open contacts of the breaker are very high. A method for selecting lightning arresters to lower the overvoltages is proposed. The switching of short-circuit currents by a circuit breaker may cause a weakening of the circuit breaker chamber’s insulation and reduce its electrical withstand and durability
- …