82 research outputs found
Giant magnetoresistance in semiconductor / granular film heterostructures with cobalt nanoparticles
We have studied the electron transport in SiO(Co)/GaAs and
SiO(Co)/Si heterostructures, where the SiO(Co) structure is the
granular SiO film with Co nanoparticles. In SiO(Co)/GaAs
heterostructures giant magnetoresistance effect is observed. The effect has
positive values, is expressed, when electrons are injected from the granular
film into the GaAs semiconductor, and has the temperature-peak type character.
The temperature location of the effect depends on the Co concentration and can
be shifted by the applied electrical field. For the SiO(Co)/GaAs
heterostructure with 71 at.% Co the magnetoresistance reaches 1000 ( %)
at room temperature. On the contrary, for SiO(Co)/Si heterostructures
magnetoresistance values are very small (4%) and for SiO(Co) films the
magnetoresistance has an opposite value. High values of the magnetoresistance
effect in SiO(Co)/GaAs heterostructures have been explained by
magnetic-field-controlled process of impact ionization in the vicinity of the
spin-dependent potential barrier formed in the semiconductor near the
interface. Kinetic energy of electrons, which pass through the barrier and
trigger the avalanche process, is reduced by the applied magnetic field. This
electron energy suppression postpones the onset of the impact ionization to
higher electric fields and results in the giant magnetoresistance. The
spin-dependent potential barrier is due to the exchange interaction between
electrons in the accumulation electron layer in the semiconductor and
-electrons of Co.Comment: 25 pages, 16 figure
ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ : ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ)
This literature review is devoted to the analysis of the role of macrophages in the immunopathogenesis of infectious lung diseases of bacterial etiology. The article summarizes information about the origin of macrophages, their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. The mechanisms of impaired protective function of innate immunity are associated with the polarization of the program of maturation and activation of macrophages in the direction to tolerogenic or immunoregulatory cells with phenotype of M2. Alveolar macrophages perform a variety of functions (from pro-inflammatory to regenerative) in the development of inflammation in the respiratory organs. Their inherent plasticity suggests that the same macrophages can change their phenotype and function depending on the microenvironment in the inflammatory focus at different stages of the disease. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate macrophage plasticity will be an important step towards realizing the potential of personalized immunomodulatory therapy.ΠΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ² Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ Π2. ΠΠ»ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°Ρ
Π΄ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ°Π³Π΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ
Π‘ΡΠ±ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
The aim of the work is to establish general regularities and features of differentiation of blood monocytes into 4 subpopulations in diseases associated with circulatory and respiratory hypoxia.Materials and methods. 18 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), 12 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICMP), 14 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 15 patients with newly diagnosed infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and 12 healthy donors were examined. In whole blood, we determined the relative number of different subpopulations of monocytes by flow cytometry. The results were analyzed by statistical methods.Results. It is shown that an increase in the number of classical (80.56 [77.60; 83.55]%) and the deficit of intermediate (10.38 [9.36; 11.26]%), non-classical (6.03 [5.24; 6.77]%) and transitional (2.14 [1.41; 3.92] %) monocytes in the blood is determined in patients with COPD when compared with the group of healthy donors (p < 0.05). In groups of patients with PTB and IHD, an increase in the number of intermediate monocytes (26.24 respectively [22.38; 42.88] % and 25.27 [15.78; 31.39]%) and the lack of transitional cells (1.77 [1.36; 3.74]% and 2.68 [2.63; 4.0]%) at the normal content of classical and non-classical forms of monocytes (p < 0.05) is detected. In patients with ICMP, a decrease in the number of non-classical monocytes (up to 5.05 [4.08; 6.58]%) is combined with the normal cell content of other subpopulations (p < 0.05). The interrelation between the number of classical and intermediate monocytes in patients with COPD (r = β0.63; p < 0.05), PTB (r = β0.72; p < 0.01), IHD (r = β0.59; p < 0.05), ICMP (r = β0.58; p < 0.05) was established.Conclusion. In COPD associated with generalized hypoxia, an increase in the number of classical monocytes is combined with a deficiency of their other subpopulations in the blood. In PTB and IHD, antigenic stimulation of the immune system mediates accelerated differentiation of monocytes from classical to intermediate forms with a decrease in the number of transitional cells regardless of the etiology of the disease (infectious or non-infectious) and the type of hypoxia (respiratory or circulatory).Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ±ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (CD14hiCD16-), ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ (CD14hiCD16lo), Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (CD14loCD16lo) ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ (CD14loCD16-)) ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ 18 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° (ΠΠΠ‘), 12 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΠΠΠ), 14 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
(Π₯ΠΠΠ), 15 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΊΡΠ»Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
(Π’ΠΠ) ΠΈ 12 Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ². Π ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π₯ΠΠΠ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
(80,56 [77,60; 83,55]%) ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
(10,38 [9,36; 11,26]%), Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
(6,03 [5,24; 6,77]%) ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
(2,14 [1,41; 3,92]%) ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΉ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² (Ρ < 0,05). Π Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ Π’ΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ 26,24 [22,38; 42,88]% ΠΈ 25,27 [15,78; 31,39]%) Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ (1,77 [1,36; 3,74]% ΠΈ 2,68 [2,63; 4,0]%) ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² (Ρ < 0,05). Π£ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΠΠΠ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² (Π΄ΠΎ 5,05 [4,08; 6,58]%) ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ (Ρ < 0,05). Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π₯ΠΠΠ (r = β0,63; p < 0,05), Π’ΠΠ (r = β0,72; p < 0,01), ΠΠΠ‘ (r = β0,59; p < 0,05), ΠΠΠΠ (r = β0,58; p < 0,05).ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈ Π₯ΠΠΠ, Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ Π’ΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΠΠ‘ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π²Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ) ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ (Π΄ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ)
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