82 research outputs found

    Giant magnetoresistance in semiconductor / granular film heterostructures with cobalt nanoparticles

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    We have studied the electron transport in SiO2{}_2(Co)/GaAs and SiO2{}_2(Co)/Si heterostructures, where the SiO2{}_2(Co) structure is the granular SiO2{}_2 film with Co nanoparticles. In SiO2{}_2(Co)/GaAs heterostructures giant magnetoresistance effect is observed. The effect has positive values, is expressed, when electrons are injected from the granular film into the GaAs semiconductor, and has the temperature-peak type character. The temperature location of the effect depends on the Co concentration and can be shifted by the applied electrical field. For the SiO2{}_2(Co)/GaAs heterostructure with 71 at.% Co the magnetoresistance reaches 1000 (10510^5 %) at room temperature. On the contrary, for SiO2{}_2(Co)/Si heterostructures magnetoresistance values are very small (4%) and for SiO2{}_2(Co) films the magnetoresistance has an opposite value. High values of the magnetoresistance effect in SiO2{}_2(Co)/GaAs heterostructures have been explained by magnetic-field-controlled process of impact ionization in the vicinity of the spin-dependent potential barrier formed in the semiconductor near the interface. Kinetic energy of electrons, which pass through the barrier and trigger the avalanche process, is reduced by the applied magnetic field. This electron energy suppression postpones the onset of the impact ionization to higher electric fields and results in the giant magnetoresistance. The spin-dependent potential barrier is due to the exchange interaction between electrons in the accumulation electron layer in the semiconductor and dd-electrons of Co.Comment: 25 pages, 16 figure

    ΠœΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… болСзнях Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ…: Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏ ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ (ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€)

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    This literature review is devoted to the analysis of the role of macrophages in the immunopathogenesis of infectious lung diseases of bacterial etiology. The article summarizes information about the origin of macrophages, their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. The mechanisms of impaired protective function of innate immunity are associated with the polarization of the program of maturation and activation of macrophages in the direction to tolerogenic or immunoregulatory cells with phenotype of M2. Alveolar macrophages perform a variety of functions (from pro-inflammatory to regenerative) in the development of inflammation in the respiratory organs. Their inherent plasticity suggests that the same macrophages can change their phenotype and function depending on the microenvironment in the inflammatory focus at different stages of the disease. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate macrophage plasticity will be an important step towards realizing the potential of personalized immunomodulatory therapy.ΠžΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ посвящСн Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρƒ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π³ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… Π±Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ этиологии. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Π½Ρ‹ свСдСния ΠΎ происхоТдСнии ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π³ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡ… фСнотипичСской ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ гСтСрогСнности. ΠœΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ‹ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π° связаны с поляризациСй ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹ созрСвания ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π³ΠΎΠ² Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ иммунорСгуляторных ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ с Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ М2. ΠΠ»ΡŒΠ²Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π³ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡŽΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ (ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ) ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ воспалСния Π² ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½Π°Ρ… дыхания. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΡΡƒΡ‰Π°Ρ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π³ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ свой Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏ ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ микроокруТСния Π² ΠΎΡ‡Π°Π³Π΅ воспалСния Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… стадиях заболСвания. ПониманиС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΡ„Π°Π³ΠΎΠ², станСт Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ шагом Π½Π° ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° пСрсонифицированной ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ

    Бубпопуляции ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ гипоксиСй

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    The aim of the work is to establish general regularities and features of differentiation of blood monocytes into 4 subpopulations in diseases associated with circulatory and respiratory hypoxia.Materials and methods. 18 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), 12 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICMP), 14 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 15 patients with newly diagnosed infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and 12 healthy donors were examined. In whole blood, we determined the relative number of different subpopulations of monocytes by flow cytometry. The results were analyzed by statistical methods.Results. It is shown that an increase in the number of classical (80.56 [77.60; 83.55]%) and the deficit of intermediate (10.38 [9.36; 11.26]%), non-classical (6.03 [5.24; 6.77]%) and transitional (2.14 [1.41; 3.92] %) monocytes in the blood is determined in patients with COPD when compared with the group of healthy donors (p < 0.05). In groups of patients with PTB and IHD, an increase in the number of intermediate monocytes (26.24 respectively [22.38; 42.88] % and 25.27 [15.78; 31.39]%) and the lack of transitional cells (1.77 [1.36; 3.74]% and 2.68 [2.63; 4.0]%) at the normal content of classical and non-classical forms of monocytes (p < 0.05) is detected. In patients with ICMP, a decrease in the number of non-classical monocytes (up to 5.05 [4.08; 6.58]%) is combined with the normal cell content of other subpopulations (p < 0.05). The interrelation between the number of classical and intermediate monocytes in patients with COPD (r = –0.63; p < 0.05), PTB (r = –0.72; p < 0.01), IHD (r = –0.59; p < 0.05), ICMP (r = –0.58; p < 0.05) was established.Conclusion. In COPD associated with generalized hypoxia, an increase in the number of classical monocytes is combined with a deficiency of their other subpopulations in the blood. In PTB and IHD, antigenic stimulation of the immune system mediates accelerated differentiation of monocytes from classical to intermediate forms with a decrease in the number of transitional cells regardless of the etiology of the disease (infectious or non-infectious) and the type of hypoxia (respiratory or circulatory).ЦСль Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ – ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ΅ закономСрности ΠΈ особСнности Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ субпопуляции (классичСскиС (CD14hiCD16-), ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ (CD14hiCD16lo), нСклассичСскиС (CD14loCD16lo) ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ (CD14loCD16-)) ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ заболСваниях, ассоциированных с циркуляторной ΠΈ Π΄Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ гипоксиСй.ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹. ΠžΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ 18 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ болСзнью сСрдца (Π˜Π‘Π‘), 12 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΡˆΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (ИКМП), 14 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с хроничСской обструктивной болСзнью Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… (Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π›), 15 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ выявлСнным ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ‚ΡƒΠ±Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΡƒΠ»Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… (Π’Π‘Π›) ΠΈ 12 Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ². Π’ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ опрСдСляли ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ количСство Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… субпопуляций ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ статистичСскими ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π› опрСдСляСтся ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ классичСских (80,56 [77,60; 83,55]%) ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… (10,38 [9,36; 11,26]%), нСклассичСских (6,03 [5,24; 6,77]%) ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… (2,14 [1,41; 3,92]%) ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ с Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΉ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² (Ρ€ < 0,05). Π’ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ… Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… с Π’Π‘Π› ΠΈ Π˜Π‘Π‘ обнаруТиваСтся ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ количСства ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² (соотвСтствСнно 26,24 [22,38; 42,88]% ΠΈ 25,27 [15,78; 31,39]%) Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π΄Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ (1,77 [1,36; 3,74]% ΠΈ 2,68 [2,63; 4,0]%) ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ содСрТании классичСских ΠΈ нСклассичСских Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² (Ρ€ < 0,05). Π£ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ИКМП сниТСниС числСнности нСклассичСских ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² (Π΄ΠΎ 5,05 [4,08; 6,58]%) сочСтаСтся с Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ содСрТаниСм ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… субпопуляций (Ρ€ < 0,05). УстановлСна взаимосвязь ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ‡ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ классичСских ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Ρƒ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π› (r = –0,63; p < 0,05), Π’Π‘Π› (r = –0,72; p < 0,01), Π˜Π‘Π‘ (r = –0,59; p < 0,05), ИКМП (r = –0,58; p < 0,05).Π—Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π₯ΠžΠ‘Π›, ассоциированной с Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ гипоксиСй, ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ числа классичСских ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² сочСтаСтся с Π΄Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈΡ… субпопуляций Π² ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π’Π‘Π› ΠΈ Π˜Π‘Π‘ антигСнная стимуляция ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ систСмы опосрСдуСт ΡƒΡΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· классичСских Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ сниТСнии числа ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ Π²Π½Π΅ зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ этиологии заболСвания (инфСкционная ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ нСинфСкционная) ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° гипоксии (Π΄Ρ‹Ρ…Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ циркуляторная)
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