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Not AvailableThis study was undertaken to analyze the opinion on risks sources and their management strategies in livestock enterprises. Data collected through a field survey conducted in Haryana and Rajasthan in 2015-16 from 913 livestock farmers on structured schedule forms the basis of this paper. Rajasthan depicts dry and harsh tract and Haryana with assured irrigated, and both contribute significant share in milk production. The socioeconomic and demographic factors did not vary significantly except milk yield, experience in dairy, annual income for different categories of farmers. Our observation indicated that livestock owner faced risks from different sources, viz. breeding, animal health, marketing, institutional and policy related. Further risk management strategies including better breed, animal health checkup, seeking advice of veterinary expert, friend consultations, forward selling contracts, maintenance of farm inventory, accessibility to different financial, extension and government institutions etc. were adopted to cope up with risks in livestock enterprise. The determinants of source of risks were significantly influenced by a number of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. The herd size had negative relation with extent of various risks. Rajasthan farmers face higher degree of risk than Haryana. Higher education status also indicated that the lover risks and other factors like knowledge level and milk yield indicated positive influence of source of risks means higher knowledge level and yield, reduce the risks. The policy makers and researchers should see the solutions and options to minimize the source of risks in livestock production and management.Not Availabl

Lessons from traumatic head injury for assessing functional status after brain tumour

Assessment of global functional status plays a central role in describing outcome after traumatic head injury, but has played a relatively minor role as an endpoint in brain tumour studies. Advantages of functional status as an outcome include simplicity, objectivity, and interpretability, and it is particularly useful in conditions where cognitive impairment is common. Work in the field of traumatic brain injury, specifically on the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), provides lessons in how the validity and reliability of global outcome assessment can be improved. Functional status is conceptually and empirically distinct from cognition and health-related quality of life, and neither of these can adequately substitute for it as an outcome. The strongest candidate for a global outcome measure in brain tumour work is the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS). Many of the lessons from the GOS could be applied to improvement of KPS assessment. However, the KPS has additional limitations, particularly that it is not brain injury specific. Global functional status is potentially a useful outcome for brain tumour studies, but there is a gap in the tools currently available