The Geology of Longyearbyen

Karsten Piepjohn, Rolf Stange, Malte Jochmann & Christiaane HübnerLongyearbyen feltbiologiske forening (LoFF), P.O.Box 694, 9171 Longyearbyen, 2012. ISBN 978-82-93009-05-4 (printed), ISBN 978-82-93009-06-1 (pdf), paperback, 36 pages

On foot, by boat: Distribution methods of raw materials suitable for lithics in Central Europe in c. 4900-3400 BCE

Thanks to long-term efforts to identify the stone raw materials of Neolithic lithics, a dataset of the proportional raw material composition at Neolithic settlements for the eastern part of Bohemia and the Morava River Basin in Central Europe has been created, which can be analysed in the period c. 4900-3400 BCE The focus of this study is on four issues: (1) the chronological evolution of the mode of distribution of the raw materials of lithics and its relation to settlement dynamics; (2) the relationship between the rate of imported raw materials and settlement density; (3) the importance of navigable rivers for the long-distance transport of raw materials; and (4) a comparison of the spatial distribution of stone raw materials and ‘archaeological cultures’. In terms of chronological variations in distributional structures, it is clear that population size was an important factor affecting extra-regional distribution, particularly when compared with settlement numbers and radiocarbon density. In contrast, settlement density was not a determinant of the occurrence of imported raw materials. Navigable rivers are an important factor in the transport of goods, which is represented in the archaeological record by stone raw materials. The most evident relationship between imported raw materials and navigable rivers is in c. 4800-4500 BCE. At the end of the period under study, the construction of fortified hillforts is a significant social phenomenon, which, despite the problematic find circumstances of lithics, suggests a change in the distribution pattern. The presence of archaeological cultures (ceramic style) cannot be an explanatory factor for the changes in the distribution of stone raw materials, as the changes in internal and extra-regional distribution are not related to its changes

PROVENIENCE METABAZITŮ KAMENNÉ BROUŠENÉ INDUSTRIE Z NEOLITICKÉHO SÍDLIŠTĚ U TĚŠETIC-KYJOVIC, OKR. ZNOJMO

The article is concentrated on detailed evaluation of stone polished artefacts from the Neolithic site at Těšetice-Kyjovice (SW Moravia), especially those made of metabasites. The provenience of raw materials has been based on comparison of our analyses with the rock analyses from the potential sources. The metabasites from the Jizerské hory Mts. have been found as the prevalent raw materials, some massive metabasites could come also from the Jizerské hory Mts. In addition to them, there was ascertained another important raw material - metabasites of the Želešice type having the source south of Brno

Silicifikované jílovce karpatského flyše (révaity, ondavské rohovce) jako suroviny pravěkých štípaných nástrojů

Příspěvek přínáší názory na vznik révaitů a a podobných silicifikovaných jílovců podél celého karpatského flyšového pásma (nové nálezy v ledovcových sedimentech ve Slezsku a v jižním Polsku, ondavské rohovce na východním Slovesnsku). Je podána informace o jejich využívání v pravěku.The contribution brings opinion on genesis of révaites and similar silicified claystones along the whole Carpathian Flysch Belt (new finds of révaites in glacial deposits of Silesia and southern Poland, Ondava cherts in eastern Slovakia). It is mentioned also their utilization for chipped tools in prehistoric times

PRVNÍ NÁLEZ ŽÍLY LAMPROFYRU NA DRAHANSKÉ VRCHOVINĚ

Up to the present times, sporadic lamprophyric dykes have been described from almost all basic geological units at the eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif excluding large area of Culmian sediments in the Drahany Upland. Our first finding of such rock was ascertained in the active quarry at the village of Rozstání - Baldovec in the central part of the Drahany Upland (Fig. 1). The magmatic rock forms only about 2 m thick dyke with a very steep dip (8590 °) and the NW - SE orientation. Besides phenocrysts of pyroxene and amygdales filled by chlorite and calcite, there are conspicuous phenocrysts of dark mica. The igneous rock has also substantially higher magnetic susceptibility (up to 35×10-3 SI units) comparing surrounding Culmian graywackes, conglomerates and shales of the Rozstání formation (only about 0,10,2 ×10-3 SI units). Using determination of major and trace elements, the composition of all basic rock-forming minerals by means of microprobe, we classified the rock as a minette. We suppose its Late CarboniferousPermian age because of typical geochemical signs of Hercynian lapmprophyres in the whole Europe (both incompatible element enrichment and abundant transition elements see Turpin, Velde, Pinte 1988). The origin of lamprophyric rocks at the eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif is connected with extensional gravitational collapse of the Hercynian orogeny (Přichystal 1993, 1995)

Petroarchaeological investigation of so called other lithic industry from Tell Arbid Abyad, Northern Mesopotamia (Syria)

Excavations at Tell Arbid Abyad detected Late Neolithic settlement features containing also so-called other lithic industry. All compact rocks were imported to Tell Arbid Abyad as a consequence of human activity. The majority of the collection comprises of angular carbonate rock chips and pebbles of unclear function. The nearest local sources of carbonate rock are represented by an alluvial fan ten kilometres to the North of the studied site and in the sediments of streams lying at the Syrian/Turkish border. On the other hand, basaltic rocks are dominant among the artefacts and probably came from the area of basalt plateau Hemma.Excavations at Tell Arbid Abyad detected Late Neolithic settlement features containing also so-called other lithic industry. All compact rocks were imported to Tell Arbid Abyad as a consequence of human activity. The majority of the collection comprises of angular carbonate rock chips and pebbles of unclear function. The nearest local sources of carbonate rock are represented by an alluvial fan ten kilometres to the North of the studied site and in the sediments of streams lying at the Syrian/Turkish border. On the other hand, basaltic rocks are dominant among the artefacts and probably came from the area of basalt plateau Hemma

The Brno quartz lode

A large quartz vein which penetrates through granodiorite in the western zone of the Brno Batholith is described. It is composed from two bodies with different directions with a length of approximately 700 and 450 m, the thickness of vein parts varies around 2.5 m. The longer segment has E–W direction. The vein is built by massive greyish-white quartz of one generation with no traces of younger mylonitization. Its origin is spatially associated with a swarm of late Variscan amphibole diorites and porphyritic microdiorites cutting local granodiorites of the Brno Batolith. Precipitation conditions of quartz have been estimated at 170–300 °C and 400–1600 bar and depth at 1.5 up to 6 km. It represents the largest quartz vein not only within the Brno Batholith but even in the entire territory of south Moravia, so we propose to defi ne it as the Brno quartz lode.A large quartz vein which penetrates through granodiorite in the western zone of the Brno Batholith is described. It is composed from two bodies with different directions with a length of approximately 700 and 450 m, the thickness of vein parts varies around 2.5 m. The longer segment has E–W direction. The vein is built by massive greyish-white quartz of one generation with no traces of younger mylonitization. Its origin is spatially associated with a swarm of late Variscan amphibole diorites and porphyritic microdiorites cutting local granodiorites of the Brno Batolith. Precipitation conditions of quartz have been estimated at 170–300 °C and 400–1600 bar and depth at 1.5 up to 6 km. It represents the largest quartz vein not only within the Brno Batholith but even in the entire territory of south Moravia, so we propose to defi ne it as the Brno quartz lode

GENEZE KŘEMENNÝCH ŽIL U VELKÉ KRAŠE V SILEZIKU

Fluid inclusions from the vein quartz near Velká Kraš have been investigated. Inclusions with two immiscible liquids, aqueous (L1) and carbonic (L2) one, have been found so far. Most of inclusions have a stable ratio of both liquids (L2/L1 = 0.1). Based on petrographic observation we could state that fluids might be trapped close to the one phase and two phase boundary of the H2O-NaCl-CO2 system. The two cogenetic fluid inclusions, with immiscible CO2-rich and H2O-rich fluid phases, have been used for an estimation of the p-T conditions. The temperature 320 °C and presure 2 050 bars could be a lower limit for the precipitation of the quartz. The salinity of the aqueous solution is 4.5 mass. % NaCl eq. The trapped fluids show a nature of the pegmatite post-magmatic solutions

VÝSLEDKY GAMA-SPEKTROMETRICKÉHO STUDIA KRYSTALINIKA HORNOMORAVSKÉHO ÚVALU

The paper brinks a description of a few small granitoid outcrops (the Olomouc Massif) in the Upper Moravian Basin, which are believed to be a part of the Brunovistulicum. In addition to a short petrographic characterization the attention has been focussed on ground gamma-ray spectrometric determination of K, U, Th and magnetic susceptibility survey. The comparison with analogical data from the nearest outcrops of the Brunovistulicum, i. e. eastern granitoid part of the Brno Massif, has shown a substantial difference. In our opinion, the Olomouc Massif and the eastern part of the Brno Massif can not be connected together in so called Slavkov terrane as is supposed by Finger – Pin (1997)

MODÁLNÍ SLOŽENÍ A GAMASPEKTROMETRIE PSAMITŮ MORAVICKÉHO SOUVRSTVÍ: DŮSLEDKY PRO PROVENIENČNÍ STUDIE SEDIMENTŮ KULMSKÉ FACIE

Most provenance studies based on the Gazzi-Dickinson method of detrital mode analysis indicate that the flysch siliciclastics of the Nízký Jeseník Mts (Lower Viséan to lowermost Namurian) have recycled-orogen to dissected-arc provenance, but distinct stratigraphic shifts in sandstone composition were traced between individual formations. This provenance study reveals a distinct stratigraphic trend in sandstone composition in one of the flysch formations in the Nízký Jeseník Mts, the Moravice Formation of Upper Viséan age. This compositional trend reflects a distinct shift in general lithology in the source area from low-grade metamorphic / sedimentary lithology to high-grade metamorphic one. Gamma-ray spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility measurements show stratigraphic trends, which can be interpreted in similar terms as the results from the detrital-mode analysis. Two-variable statistics of individual detrital modes plotted against gamma-ray and magnetic susceptibility measurements reveals good correlation to exist between Kfeldspar contents and contents of U, Th and values of total activity as well as between total lithic grain contents and values of magnetic susceptibility