Reducing the impact of the two invasive pests, Delottococcus aberiae (De Lotto) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), by strengthening sustainability and biological control in Mediterranean citrus

Actualmente, el control biológico es la base de los programas de Gestión Integrada de Plagas (GIP) de cítricos en el Mediterráneo. Uno de los mayores riesgos para estos programas de GIP en cítricos es la llegada y establecimiento de plagas exóticas que no tienen agentes de control biológico autóctonos o naturalizados que los puedan controlar. Su establecimiento obliga a los agricultores a utilizar insecticidas de amplio espectro que son incompatibles con la GIP por su elevada toxicidad sobre los agentes de control biológico. Este es el caso de dos de las últimas especies de plagas invasoras en nuestros cítricos: Delottococcus aberiae De Lotto (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) y Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae). Delottococcus aberiae es un pseudocóccido originario del África subsahariana que fue detectado en nuestros cítricos por primera vez en el año 2009. Este pseudocóccido, al contrario de otras especies de cochinillas algodonosas, causa graves deformaciones en los frutos atacados, lo que conlleva importantes pérdidas económicas. Desde el momento en que D. aberiae se estableció hasta la fecha, el control de D. aberiae ha dependido únicamente de la utilización de insecticidas de amplio espectro debido a la falta de enemigos naturales autóctonos y de un método fiable de muestreo que permita determinar los Niveles de Daño Económico (NDE) y Medioambiental (NDEM). Por ello, en el capítulo 2, se estableció un protocolo de muestreo que permite estimar de forma precisa la densidad poblacional del pseudocóccido así como el NDE y el NDEM. Delottococcus aberiae presentó un patrón de distribución agregado en todos los órganos del árbol estudiados (hoja, brote, y fruto) durante la época en la que causa los mayores daños, esta es entre la floración y julio. Los NDE y NDEM obtenidos fueron 7.1% y 12.1% de frutos ocupados respetivamente. Con estos valores, se recomienda determinar la presencia o ausencia de D. aberiae en 275 cada dos semanas entre la caída de pétalos y el mes de julio. Los parasitoides del género Encyrtidae son junto con el depredador Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) el grupo de enemigos naturales más utilizado en el control biológico de pseudocóccidos. Lamentablemente, estudios previos de laboratorio y campo han demostrado que las especies de parasitoides autóctonos no son efectivas para controlar las poblaciones de D. aberiae ya que el pseudocóccido encapsula los huevos de los parasitoides. Ante esta situación, en los capítulos 3 y 4 se evaluó el papel que ejercen otros enemigos naturales en el control biológico de D. aberiae. En el capítulo 3, se analizó el potencial del ácaro del suelo Gaeolaelaps (Hypoaspis) aculeifer (Canestrini) (Acari: Laelapidae) como depredador de D. aberiae. A pesar de que los ácaros depredadores han sido citados como agentes de control biológico de numerosas plagas que, como D. aberiae, pasan parte de su ciclo vital en el suelo, nunca se ha evaluado su potencial como depredadores de pseudocóccidos. Nuestros resultados muestran que bajo condiciones de laboratorio G. aculeifer es capaz de depredar ninfas de D. aberiae. Además, tanto la tasa de depredación como la fecundidad de las hembras fueron significativamente mayores cuando el ácaro se alimentó de ninfas de D. aberiae en vez de huevos. En ensayos llevados a cabo en condiciones de semicampo, se observó que la infestación de plántulas de cítricos fue menor cuando el ácaro G. aculeifer estaba presente en la maceta de la plántula. Por lo tanto, se debería fomentar la presencia de ácaros depredadores en el suelo mediante programas de control biológico por conservación con el fin de aumentar la mortalidad de D. aberiae cuando está en el suelo a finales de invierno y primavera. En el capítulo 4 se analizó el efecto del coccinélido depredador C. montrouzieri sobre las poblaciones de D. aberiae en campo así como sobre los daños que produce el pseudocóccido. Los niveles poblacionales de D. aberiae y de su depredador C. montrouzieri estuvieron sincronizados a lo largo de los dos años de nuestro estudio. Presa y depredador tuvieron dos máximos poblacionales: uno al inicio de primavera y otro en verano. A pesar de este solapamiento temporal, C. montrouzieri no pudo prevenir los daños provocados por D. aberiae en la fruta. Además, la tasa de crecimiento poblacional de D. aberiae no se correlacionó con la densidad poblacional de C. montrouzieri. No obstante, cuando se analizaron los dos años de muestreo consecutivos, el incremento poblacional de D. aberiae del segundo año estuvo negativamente correlacionado con la densidad poblacional de C. montrouzieri del verano del año anterior. Este último resultado demuestra que aunque C. montrouzieri no es capaz de evitar los daños en fruto puede ser un valioso agente de control biológico combinado con otros enemigos naturales y medidas racionales. La reciente llegada y expansión de la psila africana de cítricos Trioza erytreae por la Península Ibérica es probablemente el mayor desafío al que se enfrenta la gestión de plagas de cítricos en el Mediterráneo. Este psílido es el vector del Huanglongbing (HLB) o greening: la enfermedad más devastadora de los cítricos en el mundo porque no tiene cura. Trioza erytreae fue detectada en la isla de Madeira (Portugal) en el año 1994 y en las Islas Canarias (España) en 2002. Hasta entonces, permanecía restringida a estas áreas no continentales, pero en 2014 fue detectada por primera vez en el continente europeo, en el noroeste de España y norte de Portugal. En estas regiones, los planes de erradicación no han tenido éxito y T. erytreae se extiende hacia el sur de Portugal. Hasta el momento, el HLB no ha sido detectado en Europa, pero normalmente el establecimiento del vector va seguido por la detección y expansión de la bacteria causante del HLB. Ante esta situación, el control biológico clásico puede ser una medida viable para prevenir la expansión de T. erytreae por las zonas citrícolas del Mediterráneo como ocurrió en la Isla Reunión en los años setenta. Con el fin de iniciar un proyecto de control biológico clásico, en el capítulo 5, se viajó a Sudáfrica para desentrañar el complejo de parasitoides nativos de T. erytreae y la biología de los principales parasitoides. El complejo de parasitoides de T. erytreae está formado por tres especies de parasitoides primarios: Tamarixia dryi (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Psyllaephagus pulvinatus (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) y una nueva especie perteneciente al género Tamarixia. Entre ellas, T. dryi fue la especie más abundante pero su abundancia relativa difirió entre las zonas muestreadas. El sexo de la descendencia de T. dryi y Tamarixia sp. dependió del tamaño de las ninfas de T. erytreae que parasitaron. Ambos parasitoides pusieron mayor proporción de hembras cuando las ninfas fueron mayores de 0,6 mm2 en el caso de T. dryi y de 1,2 mm2 para Tamarixia sp. Este resultados sugiere que T. dryi tiene mayor potencial que Tamarixia sp. porque pondrá una mayor proporción de hembras en los estadios iniciales del psílido. Las especies de parasitoides primarios fueron a su vez atacadas por tres especies de hiperparasitoides: Aphidencyrtus cassatus Annecke (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Marietta javensis (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) y una especie del género Aphanogmus. Aphidencyrtus cassatus fue la especie más abundante entre los hiperparasitoides y emergió de los tamaños ninfales de T. erytreae de mayor tamaño. Por último, en el laboratorio se pudo determinar la longevidad del parasitoide T. dryi y del hiperparasitoide A. cassatus. Las hembras de ambas especies vivieron más de 30 días y presentaron una longevidad similar, lo que muestra el potencial problema que pueden suponer los hiperparasitoides en el programa de control biológico clásico. Como conclusión, los resultados obtenido en Sudáfrica corroboran que la introducción del parasitoide T. dryi en Europa es la solución más prometedora y económica para reducir el avance de T. erytreae.Biological control is the base of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs in Mediterranean citrus nowadays. The greatest risk for citrus is the appearance and emergence of exotic pests in the absence of indigenous natural enemies. Their establishment obligates growers to depend on the use of broad spectrum pesticides. This reversion to the use of pesticides jeopardizes current IPM programs implemented in Mediterranean citrus. This is the case of the two invasive citrus pests, Delottococcus aberiae De Lotto (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae). Delottococcus aberiae was first detected in Europe in 2009. Native to Southern Africa, unlike other species of citrus mealybugs, it causes severe fruit size reduction and distortions that lead to significant economic losses. Since D. aberiae established itself, its management has relied on the repeated applications of broad spectrum insecticides due to the lack of effectiveness of the indigenous natural enemies and the absence of a reliable sampling procedure to determine the Economic Injury Levels (EIL) and the Environmental Economic Injury levels (EEIL). Consequently, in chapter 2, an efficient sampling protocol to assess mealybug population density as well as both EIL and EEIL were developed. Delottococcus aberiae tended to aggregate in all the organs of the tree and infested the fruits at the beginning of spring. The EIL and EEIL were calculated as 7.1% and 12.1% of occupied fruits, respectively. With these outcomes, we recommend sampling 275 fruits using a binomial sampling methodology or alternatively, 140 fruits with an enumerative method bimonthly between petal fall and July. Among natural enemies, parasitoids are the most used and effective biological control agents against mealybug pests. Unfortunately, a previous laboratory study demonstrated that indigenous parasitoids are ineffective to control D. aberiae because the mealybug encapsulates parasitoid eggs. In this context, in chapter 3 and 4 the role that other indigenous natural enemies of D. aberiae play in biological control was evaluated. In chapter 3, the predatory potential of the soil dwelling mite Gaeolaelaps (Hypoaspis) aculeifer (Canestrini) (Acari: Laelapidae) for D. aberiae was analysed. Even though predatory mites have been recorded as natural enemies of key pests that spend part of their life cycle in the soil, they have never been evaluated as mealybug predators that also inhabit the soil. Our results showed that under laboratory conditions G. aculeifer preyed on D. aberiae. Both predation rates and the proportion of G. aculeifer females that laid eggs were significantly higher when having preyed on mealybug nymphs than on eggs. In trials conducted under semi-field conditions, releases of G. aculeifer decreased D. aberiae density levels on potted citrus plants. Therefore, the presence of predatory mites should be promoted in conservation biological control strategies to reduce D. aberiae population densities when the mealybug migrates to the soil at the end of the winter and in spring. In chapter 4, we evaluated the impact of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cocinellidae), one of the predators in the biological control of mealybugs most used worldwide to control D. aberiae in the field. Throughout the two years of our field study, C. montrouzieri and D. aberiae had two main synchronised population peaks per year: early spring and summer. However, in spite of this synchrony, C. montrouzieri did not prevent fruit damage. In addition, D. aberiae population growth rates were not correlated with C. montrouzieri density. Nevertheless, when two consecutive years were analysed, the increase of D. aberiae in the second year was negatively correlated with the density of C. montrouzieri in summer of the previous year. According to our results, C. montrouzieri was not able to prevent fruit damage produced by the mealybug. However, it could become a valuable addition to the natural enemy guild when combined with other natural enemies and rational control measures. Even more serious than the presence of the mealybug, it is the expansion of the African citrus psyllid Trioza erytreae in the Iberian Peninsula. This psyllid is the vector of the most devastating citrus disease in the world: the Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening. In Europe, T. erytreae was first recorded in the islands of Madeira (Portugal) in 1994 and in the Canary Islands (Spain) in 2002. Until then, it had remained restricted to non-continental areas. In 2014 it was first detected in mainland Europe: north-western Spain and northern Portugal. In these regions the current contingency plans have not been successful and T. erytreae is now spreading quickly towards the south. At present, HLB has not been detected in Europe, but the establishment of the vector is normally followed by the arrival of the bacteria. Therefore, the implementation of an efficient and sustainable pest management program is needed. In this context, classical biological control seems to be the most feasible measure for preventing T. erytreae to spread further into the Mediterranean citrus growing areas. In chapter 5, the parasitoid complex of T. erytreae in South Africa was disentangled with both morphological and molecular characterization. Our results showed that the parasitoid complex of T. erytreae included three species of primary parasitoids: Tamarixia dryi (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Psyllaephagus pulvinatus (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and one new species from the genus Tamarixia. Among them, T. dryi was the most abundant species even though its relative abundance differed between sampling locations. The secondary sex ratio (males/females) of T. dryi and Tamarixia sp. became female biased when T. erytreae nymphs were larger than 0.6 and 1.2 mm2, respectively. Primary parasitoids were attacked by three species of hyperparasitoids: Aphidencyrtus cassatus Annecke (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Marietta javensis (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and a species of the genus Aphanogmus. Aphidencyrtus cassatus was the most abundant hyperparasitoid which emerged from large nymphs. Both A. cassatus and T. dryi adult females showed similar longevity. In light of these results, the introduction of the parasitoid T. dryi into Europe will be the most promising biological control strategy to slow down T. erytreae spread

Maritime Climate in the Canary Islands and its Implications for the Construction of Coastal Infrastructures

Islands are isolated systems that depend on maritime trade for their subsistence. Efficient, durable and structurally reliable port infrastructures are essential for the economic and social development of islands. However, not all port infrastructures are designed in the same way. They can vary, depending on whether they are built on continental land, built on non-volcanic islands or built on volcanic oceanic islands (such as the Canary Islands, Spain). The latter islands are the subject of this study due to their specific features, construction difficulties and the importance of sound maritime infrastructures. The maritime climate of an area consists of the wave and storm regimes that affect it and, from these, the coastal dynamics and coastal formations of that area can be studied. For this reason, historical data were collated on significant directional wave heights from 1958 to 2015 from several WANA-SIMAR points in the virtual buoy network of State Ports of Spain located near the Canary Islands. These data have been studied to obtain the maximum directional wave heights (Hs) at each point. With this analysis, we have obtained useful summary tables to calculate wave height by a graphic method that transforms the distribution function into a line drawn on probabilistic paper, using reduced variables. This enables adjustments to be made by linear regression and minimum square methods to facilitate planning and design of maritime infrastructures in a reliable way. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-01-02 Full Text: PD

Density and phenology of the invasive mealybug Delottococcus aberiae on citrus: implications for integrated pest management

[EN] Delottococcus aberiae De Lotto (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a new invasive citrus pest in Spain. It causes severe fruit distortions and, as a new invasive mealybug, there is a lack of information about its biology. This research aims to examine the seasonal trend of D. aberiae in citrus, using several sampling methods, as a first step to develop an integrated pest management program. Ten citrus orchards from Eastern Spain were periodically sampled during three years using absolute (plant material) and relative (corrugated cardboard band traps and sticky traps) sampling methods. The three sampling methods showed that D. aberiae completes multiple generations per year, two of them being clearly defined and resulting in high populations. D. aberiae peaked between May and June, damaging the developing fruit. Corrugated cardboard band traps were able to detect prepupa and pupa male instars and gravid females, providing a quantitative measurement of D. aberiae density at its first population peak. The use of corrugated cardboard band traps is recommended to monitor population levels and sticky traps to determine male flight periods, representing simple sampling techniques to monitor D. aberiae. These results will improve the sampling protocols and allow for the development of an integrated pest management program.We would like to thank the owners of the orchards for allowing us to use their plantations and P. Bru (IVIA) and J. Catalan (IVIA) for their help in sampling. This research was supported by two predoctoral grants (FPU to V. Martinez-Blay and Val I + d to J. Perez-Rodriguez from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport and Generalitat Valenciana, respectively), the European Grants FP7-IAPP #324475 'Colbics' and FP7-IRSES #612566 'Biomodic,' and a national project provided by INIA (Project No. RTA2014-00067). The authors thank Debra Westall (UPV) for revising the manuscript.Martínez-Blay, V.; Pérez-Rodríguez, J.; Tena, A.; Soto Sánchez, AI. (2018). Density and phenology of the invasive mealybug Delottococcus aberiae on citrus: implications for integrated pest management. Journal of Pest Science. 91(2):625-637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-017-0928-yS625637912Afifi SA (1968) Morphology and taxonomy of the adult males of the families Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae: (Homoptera:Coccoidea). Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol, Suppl 13. LondonAgustí M (2003) Citricultura. 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Seasonal Distribution and Movement of the Invasive Pest Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Within Citrus Tree: Implications for Its Integrated Management

[EN] Delottococcus aberiae (De Lotto) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is the most recent species of mealybug introduced to Spain that is affecting citrus. The feeding behavior of D. aberiae causes severe direct damage to citrus fruits, distorting their shape and/or causing reduction in size. There is no information available regarding its distribution within the citrus trees. The main objective of this study was to describe the seasonal distribution of D. aberiae within citrus trees and its migration patterns on the plants. Ten citrus orchards from eastern Spain were periodically sampled during 3 yr. In each orchard, the mealybug was sampled in different infested strata (canopy, trunk, and soil) and canopy structures (flower, fruit, leaf, and twig). Results showed that, within the sampled strata, D. aberiae was mostly in the canopy. Within the canopy, the feeding location of D. aberiae changed throughout the year. D. aberiae overwintered in the twigs and moved to the flowers and fruits in spring. Once there, its populations started to increase exponentially until August. From February to September, 5-30% of the mealybugs migrated to the trunk and soil. These results will facilitate an early detection of the pest in the areas where it is spreading and improve sampling protocols and pesticide applications.We thank the owners of the orchards for allowing us to use their plantations, especially Placido Calabuig. We thank Debra Westall (UPV) for English corrections. The authors are also grateful to two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and corrections. This research was supported by two predoctoral grants (FPU to V.M.-B. and Val I+d to J.P.-R. from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport and Generalitat Valenciana, respectively), a national project provided by Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) (project no. RTA2014-00067) and the European grants FP7-IAPP #324475 'Colbics' and FP7-IRSES #612566 'Biomodic'.Martínez-Blay, V.; Pérez-Rodríguez, J.; Tena Barreda, A.; Soto Sánchez, AI. (2018). Seasonal Distribution and Movement of the Invasive Pest Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Within Citrus Tree: Implications for Its Integrated Management. Journal of Economic Entomology. 111(6):2684-2692. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy279S26842692111

Propiedades de las rocas volcánicas de Canarias (España) utilizadas como material de escollera

In the Canary Islands, there is a wide spectrum of volcanic rocks with different properties to be used in public works. The aim of this study is to analyse the physical-mechanical properties of all the volcanic rocks present in the Canary Island archipelago in order to determine their suitability for use in maritime construction works. The great variety of volcanic rocks present on the islands have been grouped into lithotypes based on similar geo-mechanical behaviour. The laboratory test results obtained for these lithotypes establish their suitability or not to be used as breakwater material in accordance with Spanish regulations.En el archipiélago canario existe un amplio espectro de rocas volcánicas con diferentes propiedades para ser utilizadas en obras públicas. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las propiedades físico-mecánicas de todas las rocas volcánicas presentes en el archipiélago canario con el fin de determinar su idoneidad para ser utilizadas en obras de construcción marítima. La gran variedad de rocas volcánicas presentes en las islas, se han agrupado en litotipos basados en un comportamiento geomecánico similar. Los resultados de los ensayos de laboratorio obtenidos para estos litotipos establecen su idoneidad o no para ser utilizados como material de escollera de acuerdo con la normativa española

Recycling and valorization of LDPE: direct transformation into highly ordered doped-carbon materials and their application as electro-catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

This research has been supported by the Spanish projects from Junta de Andalucia P12-RNM-2892 and Grant ref. RNM172. The authors also thank the "Unidad de Excelencia Quimica Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente" of the University of Granada (UEQ -UGR) for its technical assistance. E. Bailon-Garcia is grateful to Junta de Andalucia for her postdoctoral fellowship (P18-RTJ-2974).The energy demand and the environmental situation make the development of advanced catalysts for energy applications necessary. Considering the large volumes of plastic waste, the transformation of organic polymers into advanced carbon functional materials that are able to accomplish the oxygen reduction reaction via the desired 4-electron pathway is proposed as an integrated environmental remediation, in which plastic pollutants are converted into catalysts for fuel cells. Carbon-based electrocatalysts were obtained by pyrolyzing low-density polyethylene at low temperature by an easy one-step method that involves the generation of autogenous pressure which is the responsible for the spherical shape as well as the high degree of graphitization. The addition of transition metals (Fe, Co or Ni) modifies the carbonization process and CNFs emerge. The metal-free material leads to a purely 2e− pathway; however, the presence of metals improves all electrochemical parameters and the desired 4e−pathway is achieved. The graphitization degree, the metal dispersion and the presence of CNFs are the key factors for the ORR performance.Junta de Andalucia P12-RNM-2892 RNM172 P18-RTJ-297

Water footprint of the water cycle of Gran Canaria and Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)

When it comes to exploiting natural resources, islands have limitations due to the quantity of these resources and the potential for harm to the ecosystem if exploitation is not done in a sustainable manner. This article presents a study of the water footprint of the different drinking water collection facilities and wastewater treatment facilities in the Canary Islands, in order to determine the blue, green, and grey water footprints in each case. The results show high percentages of drinking water losses, which raises the blue water footprint of the Canary Islands archipelago. The grey water footprint was studied in terms of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5 ). The green water footprint was not considered because it is a dimension of the water footprint mainly calculated for agricultural crops. Of the facilities studied, the wells for extraction of drinking water from the aquifer and the distribution network have the largest blue water footprint for the years under study (2019 and 2020). Only the wastewater treatment plants have a gray water footprint in this study, with values between 79,000 and 108,000 m3 per year. As a general conclusion, the most important factor in reducing the water footprint of the water cycle in the Canary Islands is optimization of the water resource, improving existing infrastructures to minimize losses, and implementing a greater circular economy that reuses water on a regular basis. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This research was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 101037424, project ARSINOE (climate-resilient regions through systemic solutions and innovations). : The development of this study has been possible thanks to the government of the Canary Islands, through the project “Analysis of the carbon and water footprint of the three main economic activities in the Canary Islands: Tourism, Agriculture and Integrated Water Cycle”, under grant agreement N◦ 20160026

Leisure Boating Environmental Footprint: A Study of Leisure Marinas in Palermo, Italy

Ports have played a significant role in the touristic development and further economic growth of Italy. It is the country with the highest number of berths among the nations in the Mediterranean Sea; over time, Italy has created ports with a range of functions. Therefore, it is of vital importance to evaluate the potential pollutants generated from these docks and propose ways to eliminate those problems. A survey that asked about the carbon footprint and the quality of the water in the water footprint calculation was created and distributed to the management of the marinas’ operations. After receiving the completed surveys, the data were analyzed and translated using emission factors into tons of CO2 equivalent. The amount of greenhouse gases generated by the investigated marinas was determined by calculating the carbon and water footprints of five representative Palermo marinas, and we aimed to better understand how these port-related operations affect the environment. To pinpoint the pollutant sources within the investigated marinas, an original P-Mapping/Pareto ratio approach was performed as supported by Pareto’s principle. The findings indicated that the primary operations of the marina sector are the main sources of pollution. However, a sizable portion of the emissions were also caused by pollution from supporting operations. Based on the study, the origins of CO2 and pollution in marina operations were clarified. The results obtained enable the authors to make recommendations that all recreational boating activities should be closely supervised in order to reduce CO2 emissions and their input in relation to environmental degradation

Comparative study of the environmental footprints of marinas on European Islands

Ports have been key elements in Europe's economic development. This situation is even more relevant on islands, which are highly dependent on the maritime sector. Consequently, over the years, ports with diverse functionalities have been established both in mainland Europe and on its outlying islands. This article discusses the environmental impact of leisure marinas on European islands, especially as they are closely linked to economic development through tourism. The aim is to study the environmental impact of these infrastructures by determining the carbon and water footprints of marinas on European islands in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The results obtained enable the authors to make recommendations in order to reduce the overall environmental footprint of marinas on islands, considering that these territories are much more vulnerable to climate change than mainland locations in Europe

Guía práctica: Preguntas y respuestas sobre cómo desarrollar los Planes de Orientación y Acción Tutorial (POAT) en la enseñanza universitaria

Esta guía es una aproximación al desarrollo práctico de los planes de Orientación y Acción tutorial (POAT) en la Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), centrando especialmente la atención en el modelo de la tutoría de carrera. En la guía y siguiendo un formato de preguntas frecuentes, tratamos de abordar algunos aspectos básicos para la implantación de los programas POAT y el desarrollo de actividades con el alumnado, incluyendo referencias y ejemplos prácticos. En cualquier caso, son simplemente ideas y sugerencias para la práctica, que requerirán su adaptación, en tanto que cada contexto y cada realidad es diferente, lo que exige respuestas adaptadas a las mismas