Simulação numérica de descargas térmicas em corpos d' água rasos de geometria e profundidade variáveis

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânic

Comparación de Demandas Energéticas en Viviendas Unifamiliares en Climas Extremos

En Chile se están definiendo metas en el ámbito del uso de la energía, que acercan cada vez más la construcción al tipo sustentable. Esto queda evidenciado con el Código de Construcción Sustentable, donde además de establecerse nuevas exigencias con lo que respecta a las transmitancias térmicas de los parámetros opacos y acristalados, se presentan límites en las demandas máximas para climatización. Pese a que para la Región de Magallanes la construcción sustentable es un gran desafío, dadas las extremas condiciones climáticas a las que está sometida y la gran lejanía existente con las principales empresas del rubro, lo cual eleva considerablemente los costos, en los últimos años se han buscado alternativas que permitan mejorar los estándares constructivos y cumplir con las nuevas metas país. Este artículo presenta el trabajo desarrollado para establecer la línea base energética en el sector residencial privado de la Región de Magallanes en Chile, con el fin de conocer el estándar actual de construcción, a través del estudio de las especificaciones técnicas de los proyectos y mediciones de temperatura, humedad e infiltraciones. La metodología utilizada fue trabajar mediante simulación, con el software Design Builder v.4, todos los parámetros mencionados, para veinte modelos de viviendas del sector privado de la región, lo que ha permitido establecer diferencias entre los requerimientos energéticos para mantener el confort 24/7 y las demandas existentes en ellas establecidas por los sistemas de calefacción reales y los horarios de uso. Los primeros resultados muestran que en la Región de Magallanes las demandas requeridas para un confort 24/7 son en promedio 550 [kWh/m2] y si bien para las demandas existentes los resultados son similares, no se alcanzan temperaturas óptimas dada la alta cantidad de pérdidas energéticas producto de infiltraciones y un sistema de calefacción inapropiado. Esta situación que revela serias deficiencias en la manera de construir de esta región permite que en el presente trabajo sean propuestas soluciones constructivas eficientes, sin dejar de lado el confort higrotérmico de sus usuarios, que de acuerdo a los resultados preliminares aportarían en disminuir en un 60% las actuales demandas de energía

Intervención psicológica en trastornos temporomandibulares: Revisión narrativa.

Los pacientes con trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) presentan trastornos psicológicos y psiquiátricos frecuentemente. Estos pacientes frecuentemente muestran somatización, depresión, ansiedad, reacción al estrés y catastrofismo, lo que juega un rol en la predisposición, iniciación y perpetuación de los TTM y en la respuesta al tratamiento. Esta revisión presenta opciones terapéuticas que comprometen al eje psicológico de los pacientes con TTM, las cuales buscan principalmente reducir la ansiedad y la tensión emocional presentes, modificar las distintas percepciones del dolor y cómo afrontarlo. Existen diversas posibilidades, dentro de las cuales se encuentran: educación del paciente, identificación de las situaciones que incrementan esa tensión para evitarlas, enseñanza de técnicas de relajación como biofeedback, hipnosis y yoga. En cuanto al tratamiento psicológico, la que presenta mejor resultado para los TTM, es la terapia cognitiva conductual (TCC). La intervención psicológica adecuada y eficaz puede reducir el dolor de los TTM, disminuyendo la probabilidad de que el cuadro se haga más complejo. Dentro de las alternativas de tratamiento psicológico para los TTM, un tratamiento estándar conservador (educación, instrucción de autocuidado, evitación de movimientos dolorosos, dieta blanda), incluso el más breve,  puede ser suficiente a corto plazo para la mayoría de los pacientes que presentan TTM, sobretodo en los casos de cuadros agudos.  La adición de una TCC, por parte de un especialista, entrega habilidades de afrontamiento que se sumarán a la eficacia, especialmente en los casos crónicos, obteniendo mejores resultados a largo plazo.Palabras claves: Trastornos temporomandibulares, terapia psicológica, tratamiento, estrés, ansiedad.Patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) frecuently present psychological and psychiatric problems. These patients often show increased somatization, depression, anxiety, stress reaction and catastrophism, wich plays a role in the predisposition, initiation and perpetuation of TMD and treatment response. This review presents thaerapeutic options that compromise the psychological axis of patients with TMD, wich primarily seek to reduce the anxiety and the emotional stress present, modify different perceptions of pain and coping. There are different posibilities, within wich are: patient education, identifying situations that increase the tension to avoid them, teaching relaxation techniques such as biofeedback, hipnosis and yoga.  As for psychological treatment, the most common for chronic orofacial pain is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The appropriate and effective psychological intervention can reduce TMD pain, decreasing the probability that the symptoms become more complex. Within psychological treatment options for TMD, conservative standard treatment (education, self-instruction, avoidance of painful movements, soft diet), even the shortest, may be sufficient in the short term for most patients with TMD, especially in cases of acute conditions. The addition of CBT, by a specialist, gives coping skills that will add to the effectiveness, especially in chronic cases, obtaining better results in the long term.Keywords: temporomandibular disorders, psychological therapy, treatment, stress, anxiety

Impact of global warming at the range margins: Phenotypic plasticity and behavioral thermoregulation will buffer an endemic amphibian

© 2014 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. When dispersal is not an option to evade warming temperatures, compensation through behavior, plasticity, or evolutionary adaptation is essential to prevent extinction. In this work, we evaluated whether there is physiological plasticity in the thermal performance curve (TPC) of maximum jumping speed in individuals acclimated to current and projected temperatures and whether there is an opportunity for behavioral thermoregulation in the desert landscape where inhabits the northernmost population of the endemic frog Pleurodema thaul. Our results indicate that individuals acclimated to 20°C and 25°C increased the breath of their TPCs by shifting their upper limits with respect to when they were acclimated at 10°C. In addition, even when dispersal is not possible for this population, the landscape is heterogeneous enough to offer opportunities for behavioral thermoregulation. In particular, under current climatic conditions, behavioral thermoregulation is not compulsory as available operative temperatures are encompassed within the population TPC limits. However, for severe projected temperatures under climate change, behavioral thermoregulation will be required in the sunny patches. In overall, our results suggest that this population of Pleurodema thaul will be able to endure the worst projected scenario of climate warming as it has not only the physiological capacities but also the environmental opportunities to regulate its body temperature behaviorally.Link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Evaluation of trypanocidal properties of ferrocenyl and cyrhetrenyl N-acylhydrazones with pendant 5-nitrofuryl group

Four N-acylhydrazones of general formulae [R1-C(O)-NH-N=C(R2)(5-nitrofuryl)] with (R1 = ferrocenyl or cyrhetrenyl and R2 = H or Me) are synthesized and characterized in solution and in the solid-state. Comparative studies of their stability in solution under different experimental conditions and their electrochemical properties are reported. NMR studies reveal that the four compounds are stable in DMSO‑d6 and complementary UV-Vis studies confirm that they also exhibit high stability in mixtures DMSO:H2O at 37 °C. Electrochemical studies show that the half-wave potential of the nitro group of the N-acylhydrazones is smaller than that of the standard drug nifurtimox and the reduction process follows a self-protonation mechanism. In vitro studies on the antiparasitic activities of the four complexes and the nifurtimox against Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei reveal that: i) the N-acylhydrazones have a potent inhibitory growth activity against both parasites [EC50 in the low micromolar (in T. cruzi) or even in the nanomolar (in T. brucei) range] and ii) cyrhetrenyl derivatives are more effective than their ferrocenyl analogs. Parallel studies on the L6 rat skeletal myoblast cell line have also been conducted, and the selectivity indexes determined. Three of the four N-acylhydrazones showed higher selectivity towards T. brucei than the standard drug nifurtimox. Additional studies suggest that the organometallic compounds are bioactivated by type I nitroreductase enzymes.</p

Isomeric and hybrid ferrocenyl/cyrhetrenylaldimines: a new family of multifunctional compounds

The synthesis and characterization of two novel and isomeric hybrid ferrocenyl/cyrhetrenyl aldimines [(η5-C5H5)Fe{(η5-C5H4)-CHvN-(η5-C5H4)}Re(CO)3] (1) and [(η5-C5H5)Fe{(η5-C5H4)-NvCH-(η5-C5H4)}Re (CO)3] (2) are reported. Their X-ray crystal structures reveal that both adopt the E form. However, molecules of 1 and 2 differ in the relative arrangement of the 'Fe(η5-C5H5)' and 'Re(CO)3' units (anti in 1 and syn in 2). This affects the type of intermolecular interactions, the assembly of the molecules and therefore their crystal architecture. Comparative studies of their electrochemical, spectroscopic and photo-physical properties have allowed us to clarify the effect produced by the location of the organometallic arrays (ferrocenyl or cyrhetrenyl) on electronic delocalization, the proclivity of the metals to undergo oxidation and their emissive properties. Theoretical studies based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations on the two compounds have also been carried out in order to rationalize the experimental results and to assign the bands detected in their electronic spectra. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1 and 2 against human adenocarcinoma cell lines [breast (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) and colon (HCT-116)] reveal that imine 2 has a greater inhibitory growth effect than 1 and it is ca. 1.8 times more potent than cisplatin in the triple negative MDA-MB 231 and in the cisplatin resistant HCT-116 cell lines. A comparative study of their effect on the normal and non-tumour human skin fibroblast BJ cell lines is also reported

An eco-epidemiological study of contamination of soil with infective forms of intestinal parasites

The objectives of the present work were to screen topsoil samples collected from public squares in two cities within the Argentine Patagonia for the presence of infective forms of intestinal parasites and to examine the possible relationship between positive findings and the environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions of that region. For this purpose we studied 13 public squares, their 13 custodians, and 44 family groups within their respective surrounding areas. Of the 226 topsoil samples analyzed, 44.3% proved positive for infective forms of intestinal parasites, with 17.3% of these containing more than one species. The frequency of appearance of positive samples was dependent on the season of the year (p 0.05). Some of the organisms detected are associated with zoonoses. We observed the presence of Capillariaspp. and Spirocercaspp. under cool desert climatic conditions. Within the group of custodians we detected hematologic alterations one positive serology for toxoplasmosis and documented behavior conducive to risk of infection with the parasites found in those squares. Within the family group an acquaintance with parasitic zoonoses and their prevention was an inconsistent finding, with toxocarosis and toxoplasmosis being the diseases associated with the greatest degree of ignorance. Furthermore, we consider the failure to deparasitize pets and the practice of feeding them with raw meat, as typically found in our family survey, to be factors contributing to a greater likelihood of public square contamination. From the results obtained here, we propose a spatial organization approach for the purpose of detecting zones at risk of contracting zoonotic parasitoses within urban environments.Facultad de Ciencias Médica

A novel type of organometallic 2-R-2,4-dihydro- 1H-3,1-benzoxazine with R = [M(η5-C5H4)(CO)3] (M = Re or Mn) units. Experimental and computational studies of the effect of substituent R on ring-chain tautomerism

The syntheses, characterization, X-ray crystal structures, electrochemical properties and anticancer and 35 antichagasic activities of the first examples of 2-substituted 2,4-dihydro-1H-3,1-benzoxazines with 36 halfsandwich organometallic arrays, [M(η5-C5H4)(CO)3] (M = Re or Mn), at position-2 are described. 37 Experimental and computational studies based on DFT calculations on the open forms [Schiff bases of 38 general formulae R-CHvN-C6H4-2-CH2OH] (5), with R = ferrocenyl (a), phenyl (b), cyrhetrenyl (c) or 39 cymantrenyl (d), and their tautomeric forms (2-substituted 2,4-dihydro-1H-3,1 benzoxazines) 40 haveallowed us to establish the influence of substituents a-d and solvents on: (a) the extent of 41 tautomeric equilibria (5a-5d) ↔ (6a-6d) and (b) their electrochemical properties and the electronic 42 distribution on the open and closed forms. Despite the formal similarity between 6c and 6d, their 43 anticancer and antiparasitic activities are markedly different. Compound 6d is inactive in the HCT116, 44 MDA-MB231 and MCF7 cancer cell lines, but 6c shows moderate activity in the latter cell line, while 45 the Mn(I) complex (6d) is a more potent anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agent than its Re(I) analogue (6c)

Synthesis, characterization, crystal structures and computational studies on novel cyrhetrenyl hydrazones

The synthesis of novel cyrhetrenyl hydrazones of general formula [Re{(η5-C5H4)single bondC(R1) = NNHR2}(CO)3] {with R1 = H and R2 = 4-NO2single bondC6H4 (4a), C6H5 (4b) or H (4c) or R1 = Me and R2 = 4-NO2single bondC6H4 (5a), C6H5 (5b) or H (5c)} is described. Compounds 4a-4c and 5a-5c were characterized by mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy. 1H and 13C{1H} NMR studies revealed that 4a-4c and 5a-5c adopt the anti-(E) configuration in solution. X-ray crystal structures of compounds 4a and 5c confirmed the trans-arrangement of the cyrhetrenyl 'Re(η5-C5H4)(CO)3' and the -NHR2 moieties and the existence of strong hydrogen bonds involving the single bondNHsingle bond unit. Molecular Orbital calculations at a DFT level have also been carried out in order to rationalize the influence of the nature of the substituent R3 of [R3CH = NNH(4-NO2single bondC6H4)] (R3 = ferrocenyl, (3a), cyrhetrenyl (4a), phenyl (6a) or cymantrenyl (7a) on the electronic delocalization, the nucleophilicity of the imine carbon, the polarizability and hyperpolarizability of these compounds, and computational studies using time-dependent density functional (TD-DFT) calculations have also been carried out in order to assign the bands detected in their electronic spectra and to explain the effect produced by the solvent

Biological contamination with canine faeces and intestinal parasites in public parks in two cities of Chubut province, Patagonia, Argentina

A longitudinal study to determine the presence of intestinal parasites in canine faeces and their relationship with seasonal weather conditions during a year was carried out. 481 fecal canine deposits were collected from 13 public parks in two cities of Chubut Province, Patagonia Argentina. Stools were analyzed by means of Telemann and Willis methods. Weather conditions were daily registered from local stations. The frequency of positive canine faeces to intestinal parasites was found between 34,9% and 51,2% over the studied period and was season independent (p > 0.05). A predominance of helminths over protozoa was detected in all seasons. Frequency of Entamoeba spp. and Nematoda was seasonal dependent (p < 0.05). The finding of Toxocara canis eggs varied from 12,7% in winter to 20,9% in spring. Pathogens to humans such as T. canis, Taenia spp., Uncinaria spp. and Entamoeba spp. were found. Spirocerca spp. and Capillaria spp. have been reported for the first time for this region.Se realizó un estudio longitudinal durante un año, para determinar la presencia de parásitos intestinales en heces caninas y su relación con las condiciones climáticas. 481 muestras de heces fueron recolectadas en 13 plazas de dos ciudades de la Provincia del Chubut, Patagonia Argentina. Las muestras fueron analizadas por medio de los métodos de Telemann y Willis. Los datos meteorológicos se registraron diariamente. La frecuencia de aparición de muestras positivas para parásitos intestinales estuvo comprendida entre el 34,9% y 51,2% durante el periodo estudiado, resultando la misma independiente de la estación climática (p &gt; 0,05). Se registró un predominio de helmintos sobre protozoos durante las cuatro estaciones. La frecuencia de aparición de Entamoeba spp. y Nematoda resultó dependiente de la estación estudiada (p &lt; 0,05). El hallazgo de huevos de T. canis varió de un 12,7% en invierno a un 20,9% en primavera. Se detectaron patógenos para el humanos como T. canis, Taenia spp., Uncinaria spp. y Entamoeba spp. Se reportan por primera vez para ésta región Spirocerca spp. y Capillaria spp.Facultad de Ciencias Médica