Effets des Amendements Organiques sur la Gale Bactérienne et la Pourriture Apicale de la Tomate à Bobo-Dioulasso au Burkina Faso

L’étude a porté sur les effets des amendements organiques sur la gale bactérienne et la pourriture apicale de la tomate en milieu réel à l’Ouest du Burkina Faso. Un essai a été mis en place dans un dispositif en bloc de Fisher complètement randomisé. Il a comporté huit (08) traitements constitués des fertilisants organiques et minéraux tous répétés quatre (04) fois. L’incidence de la maladie et sa sévérité ont été évaluées ainsi que l’effet des traitements sur la qualité des fruits. La progression est relativement faible avec les déchets ménagers compostés associés aux engrais minéraux. La maladie est plus sévère avec les différents fertilisants pris individuellement. Dans l’ensemble, la maladie est évolutive avec tous les traitements.   The study focused on the effects of organic amendments on bacterial scab and apical rot of tomato in a real environment in western Burkina Faso. Indeed, a trial was set up in a completely randomized Fisher block design. It included eight (08) treatments consisting of organic and mineral fertilizers all repeated four (04) times. The incidence of the disease and its severity were evaluated as well as the effect of the treatments on the quality of the fruits. The disease is progressive with all treatments. However, the progression is relatively low with composted household waste associated with mineral fertilizers. The disease is more severe with the different fertilizers taken individually

In vitro efficacy of some plant aqueous extracts against two species of Lasiodiplodia associated to mango decline in Burkina Faso

Mango decline is a serious disease in production areas in Burkina Faso. The aim of this study was to contribute to the management of the disease through the use of plant aqueous extracts. Antifungal activities of Azadirachta indica, Calotropis procera, Gmelina arborea, Jatropha curcas, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and the synthetic fungicide (Mancozeb) were tested against Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae associated to mango decline in Burkina Faso. Three different concentrations of leaf extracts which 25%, 50%, 75% and 500 ppm of Mancozeb were tested for their antifungal activity in vitro. The results showed that leaf extracts have an inhibitor effect on the growth of the two Lasiodiplodia species. The aqueous extract of G. arborea was the most effective with average inhibition rates of L. theobromae of 42.62%, 73.84% and 74.23% respectively with the concentrations of 25 g/l, 50 g/l and 75 g/l. The aqueous extract of A. indica against L. pseudotheobromae showed maximum percentage inhibition with 50 g/l of 63.10% and with 75 g/l of 72.02%. Mancozeb completely inhibits the mycelial growth of both species of fungi. Ours findings showed that aqueous extracts from plants could be tried for the eco-friendly management of mango decline pathogens.Keywords: Antifungal, plants extract, Lasiodiplodia spp., mango decline, Burkina Faso

Local perceptions and ethnobotanical uses values of Senna obtusifolia, an invasive native plant species in Burkina Faso, West Africa

Invasive species are known to be a threat to agriculture and biodiversity. Thus, many studies have focused on the negative ecological impacts of invasive species, while their importance to livelihoods and human well-being has received little attention. This study aimed to explore people's ethnoecological knowledge about the invasion of Senna obtusifolia and the importance of this species in some local ethnic groups according to two climate zones in Burkina Faso. Three hundred (300) people from height (08) ethnic groups from surrounding villages of pastoral zones in two contrasting climate zones were interviewed. The survey technique was semi-structured interviews, using a previously tested semi-structured questionnaire. A GLM with the Poisson distribution was performed to determine the factors that influence the ethnoecological knowledge of people. For informants, the most important dissemination drivers are animals in the Sahelian zone and humans in the Sudanian zone. Regarding usefulness, the species is harvested by people for 08 use categories with food (100%) and construction (46%) as the most used categories. In fact, the use-value of Senna obtusifolia differed significantly among climatic zone, and ethnic groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant difference between the Mossi and Fulani of the Sahelian zone and those of the Sudanian zone was observed. This study revealed the usefulness of Senna obtusifolia for people and the findings are essential to promote species utilization, which could be considered as an adaptation strategy to the negative ecological invasion of the species. Moreover, these findings could guide the formulation of management policies and how to valorize more invasive species

Impact de la production céréalière et des prix des céréales sur la consommation alimentaire et l’évolution des moyens de subsistance des ménages au Burkina Faso

La mesure de l’insécurité alimentaire est la préoccupation majeure des pays du Sahel comme le Burkina Faso pour anticiper les crises. Ce travail a  pour objectif de déterminer les relations entre les variables collectées régulièrement par les systèmes d’information nationaux et les résultats  primaires de la sécurité alimentaire que sont la consommation alimentaire des ménages et l’évolution des avoirs relatifs aux moyens d’existence.  Cela permet aux analystes de suivre et d’informer rapidement sur l’évolution de la situation alimentaire et de faciliter la prise de décision. Ces  informations permettront également d’orienter la réponse en direction des populations les plus affectées. Les résultats des enquêtes de  vulnérabilité conduites au Burkina Faso sur plus de 20000 ménages en 2016, 2017 et 2018 et représentatifs au niveau provincial ont servi de base de  travail. Des analyses de corrélation et de régression ont été effectuées entre la production céréalière totale, la variation annuelle de la  production, les prix des céréales, les dépenses alimentaires des ménages d’une part, et les indices d’évaluation de l’insécurité alimentaire (indice des  stratégies d’adaptation basées sur la consommation alimentaire, et stratégies d’adaptation basées sur les moyens de subsistance) d’autre part.  Les bonnes productions agricoles céréalières de la province influencent positivement le niveau de consommation alimentaire des ménages et  réduisent leur recours à des stratégies extrêmes basées sur les moyens d’existence et sur la consommation alimentaire. Le prix élevé des céréales et  sa forte variation impactent négativement les moyens de subsistance et la consommation alimentaire des ménages, tout en accentuant leur  recours à des stratégies extrêmes d’adaptation, surtout dans les zones de faible production céréalière. En plus, lorsque les dépenses alimentaires  des ménages sont inférieures à 50% des dépenses totales, cela favorise la préservation des moyens de subsistance et améliore leur consommation  alimentaire. À l’inverse, lorsque les dépenses sont supérieures à 75%, la vulnérabilité des ménages face à la baisse de la production agricole et à la  hausse des prix des céréales est accentuée. Les niveaux de corrélation observés entre les variables étudiées sont dans l'ensemble relativement  faibles, mais leur combinaison permet d’améliorer significativement les régressions. Une étude à l’échelle de la région devrait permettre de dégager  des relations plus intéressantes

Etiology and risk factors for meningitis during an outbreak in Batié Health District, Burkina Faso, January-March 2016

Introduction: On 16 March 2016, Batié Health District notified the Burkina Faso Ministry of Health Surveillance unit of 12 suspected cases of meningitis. During the same period, Batié´s neighboring districts in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana were experiencing a meningitis epidemic. We investigated to establish the etiology and risk factors for the disease and to recommend prevention and control measures. Methods: We conducted unmatched case control study. A case was any person living in Batié with fever (temp. ≥ 38.5°C) and any of the following: neck stiffness, neurological disorder, bulging fontanelle, convulsion during January to April 2016 with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) positive to PCR. Controls were non sick household members, neighbors or friends to the cases. We analyzed the investigation and laboratory records. We included all confirmed cases and two neighborhood controls per case. We used a standard questionnaire to collect data. We analyzed data by Epi info 7 and calculated odds ratio (ORs),adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence interval. We proceeded to univariate, bivariate, multivariate and logistic regression analysis. Results: We interviewed 93 participants including 31 meningitis cases and 62 controls. The median age of cases was 8 years old [2 months-55 years] and 6.5 years old [5 months-51 years] for controls. Streptococcus pneumoniae 16(51.61%), Neisseria meningitidis W 14(45.16%) and Haemophilus influenzae b 1(3.23%) were the identified germs. The independent risk factors identified were travel to meningitis affected areas (Adjusted odd ratio(AOR)=12[2.3-60],p=0.0029); >5 persons sharing bedroom (AOR=5.7[1.5-22],p=0.012) and rhinopharyngitis (AOR=26[1.8-380],p=0.017). Conclusion: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis W caused the outbreak in Batié. The risk factors were overcrowding, travel to affected areas, and rhinopharyngitis. We recommended reactive vaccination against Neisseria meningitidis W, limited travel to affected areas and ventilation of rooms

Emergence of Epidemic Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup X Meningitis in Togo and Burkina Faso

Serogroup X meningococci (NmX) historically have caused sporadic and clustered meningitis cases in sub-Saharan Africa. To study recent NmX epidemiology, we analyzed data from population-based, sentinel and passive surveillance, and outbreak investigations of bacterial meningitis in Togo and Burkina Faso during 2006–2010. Cerebrospinal fluid specimens were analyzed by PCR. In Togo during 2006–2009, NmX accounted for 16% of the 702 confirmed bacterial meningitis cases. Kozah district experienced an NmX outbreak in March 2007 with an NmX seasonal cumulative incidence of 33/100,000. In Burkina Faso during 2007–2010, NmX accounted for 7% of the 778 confirmed bacterial meningitis cases, with an increase from 2009 to 2010 (4% to 35% of all confirmed cases, respectively). In 2010, NmX epidemics occurred in northern and central regions of Burkina Faso; the highest district cumulative incidence of NmX was estimated as 130/100,000 during March–April. Although limited to a few districts, we have documented NmX meningitis epidemics occurring with a seasonal incidence previously only reported in the meningitis belt for NmW135 and NmA, which argues for development of an NmX vaccine

Local perceptions and ethnobotanical uses values of Senna obtusifolia, an invasive native plant species in Burkina Faso, West Africa

Invasive species are known to be a threat to agriculture and biodiversity. Thus, many studies have focused on the negative ecological impacts of invasive species, while their importance to livelihoods and human well-being has received little attention. This study aimed to explore people's ethnoecological knowledge about the invasion of Senna obtusifolia and the importance of this species in some local ethnic groups according to two climate zones in Burkina Faso. Three hundred (300) people from height (08) ethnic groups from surrounding villages of pastoral zones in two contrasting climate zones were interviewed. The survey technique was semi-structured interviews, using a previously tested semi-structured questionnaire. A GLM with the Poisson distribution was performed to determine the factors that influence the ethnoecological knowledge of people. For informants, the most important dissemination drivers are animals in the Sahelian zone and humans in the Sudanian zone. Regarding usefulness, the species is harvested by people for 08 use categories with food (100%) and construction (46%) as the most used categories. In fact, the use-value of Senna obtusifolia differed significantly among climatic zone, and ethnic groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant difference between the Mossi and Fulani of the Sahelian zone and those of the Sudanian zone was observed. This study revealed the usefulness of Senna obtusifolia for people and the findings are essential to promote species utilization, which could be considered as an adaptation strategy to the negative ecological invasion of the species. Moreover, these findings could guide the formulation of management policies and how to valorize more invasive species

Nutritional, biochemical and microbiological composition of Borassus aethiopum Mart. sap in Burkina Faso

The palmyra palm Borassus aethiopum Mart. grow wild and gives natural stands in several localities of central-eastern and eastern regions of Burkina Faso. This work aimed to determine the nutritional, biochemical and microbiological composition of fresh palm sap from B. aethiopum Mart. during the first 4 days of tapping. The composition of palm sap was carried out by HPLC and standard methods. The sap collected during the first 4 days were sugary and contained less alcohol. The mean values of the pH, total and reducing sugars content were 4.84 +/- 0.5, 11.36 +/- 3.97 and 2.93 +/- 1.22% w/v respectively. Sucrose, glucose, fructose and Vitamin C values were 6.75% w/v, 4.99 g/L, 7.09 g/L, 8.93% w/v respectively. Galactose and xylose were not detected. Soluble proteins, arabinose, phenols and ethanol were present in low concentration. Calcium, potassium, magnesium and ammonium were present in palm sap with highest potassium content (13.26 g/L). Lactate (2.41 +/- 0.86 g/L), succinate (2.49 +/- 1.46 g/L), acetate (0.01 +/- 0.006 g/L), malate (0.17 +/- 0.31 g/L), propionate (0.07 +/- 0.04 g/L), citrate (0.19 +/- 0.11 g/L), tartrate (0.08 +/- 0.09 g/L) and pyruvate (0.05 +/- 0.03 g/L) were detected in palm sap. The microbiological analysis of sap gave 1.23 +/- 1.01 x 10(8) cfu/mL for total aerobic flora, 7.27 +/- 1.19 x 10(5) cfu/mL for yeasts, 1.86 +/- 1.63 x 10(7) cfu/mL for lactic acid bacteria and 3.75 +/- 0.75 x 10(5) cfu/mL for acetic acid bacteria. The fresh sap from B. aethiopum presents good nutritional value and its consumption can help to improve dairy food intake of rural population. It can be used for the manufacture of various products like palm wine, syrups, sugars, functional foods, etc

Proposition d'inscription de biens sur la liste du patrimoine mondial, les Ruines de Loropéni: Version révisée suite à la Décision 30 COM 8B.31

Les Ruines de Loropéni sont le témoignage le plus imposant et le mieux conservé de l’importance, à partir du XIème siècle, du développement de l’exploitation de l’or en Afrique de l’Ouest en liaison avec le commerce de plus en plus florissant entre les grandes villes du Sahel (Bobo-Dioulasso) et de la boucle du Niger (Djénné, Mopti, Tombouctou) et, au-delà, vers l’Afrique du Nord. La construction de la forteresse dont sont issues les Ruines de Loropéni remonte bien avant l’arrivée des européens en Afrique. Ce bien est une preuve essentielle et irréfutable de la capacité qu’ont eue les peuples africains d’utiliser de façon judicieuse les matériaux disponibles dans leur environnement, de développer des solutions techniques élaborées et de mettre en place une organisation du travail complexe pour produire des établissements humains adaptés, et quand il le fallait, de leur donner des dimensions imposantes répondant à des besoins particuliers

Physicochemical composition and fermentation kinetics of a novel Palm Sap-based Kefir Beverage from the fermentation of Borassus aethiopum Mart. fresh sap with kefir grains and ferments

International audiencePalm sap collected (sugary juice) from palm trees is very widespread in the intertropical regions of Asia, America and Africa. This study aimed to evaluate the use of kefir grains and ferments as starters for the fermentation of fresh palm sap (PS) from Borassus aethiopum Mart. to produce new kefir-like beverages (KLBs). The batch fermentation was performed statically at room temperature (22 °C) during 48 h. Physicochemical analysis were performed using standard and HPLC methods. The KLBs (kefir-like beverages) from PS showed low ethanol and glycerol contents ranging from 0.84 ± 0.14 to 17.30 ± 2.06 g/L (0.07 to 1.38% v/v) and 0 to 0.67 g/L respectively. The pH value decreased significantly during 24 h of fermentation and ranging from 3.98 to 4.40 at the end of fermentation. The organic acids (lactate, acetate, propionate, citrate, succinate and pyruvate) were detected in KLBs from PS. There was an increase in the content of lactate, acetate, propionate and succinate during fermentation process, except citrate content. Lactate and acetate content reached maximum values ranging between 5.18 and 9.31 g/L, 0.94 and 1.69 g/L respectively. Sucrose concentration decreased significantly and reached a value ranging from 0 to 0.84 g/L, except in KLBs fermented using milk ferments (9.45 g/L). The study showed that water and milk kefir grains as well as kefir ferments were well adapted to ferment Borassus aethiopum Mart. fresh sap for KLBs production. Palm sap could be an ideal alternative base substrate to produce non-dairy probiotic fermented beverage with low ethanol and sugar contents