Corrigendum: Analysis of Long-Term Changes in a Mediterranean Marine Ecosystem Based on Fishery Landings

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Ecosystem-Based MSP for Enhanced Fisheries Sustainability: An Example from the Northern Adriatic (Chioggia\u2014Venice and Rovigo, Italy)

Human pressures on marine ecosystems significantly increased during last decades. Among the intense anthropic activities, industrial fisheries have caused the alteration of habitats, the reduction of biodiversity and the main fish stocks. The aim of this research, carried out in the Adriatic Sea, was to test a repeatable Marine Spatial Planning framework aimed at enhancing fisheries sustainability through the application of Decision Support Tools and the composition of a catalog of possible measures. The use of these tools proved very useful to identify possible criticalities and facilitate an effective exchange with fisheries stakeholders, local authorities, and fishermen, whose involvement was an indispensable step in the process. Tool-based analyses allowed to assess the spatial footprint of a range of anthropogenic pressures from human activities (e.g., fisheries, maritime traffic, and aquaculture). Within this multi-pressure scenario, special attention was paid to fishing-related disturbances and potential conflicts across different fishing m\ue9tier and with other sectors. Specifically, results highlighted the spatial features of the major fishing pressures (e.g., abrasion from trawling) affecting essential fish habitats, marine mammals and turtles in the study area. A portfolio of possible management measures is identified for the study area. It provides clear evidence that, in order to mitigate emerging conflicts and cumulative impacts, it is necessary to combine and integrate different types of measures: spatial measures modulated over time, monitoring and control, actions to fill knowledge gaps, concertation\u2014involvement\u2014co-management actions, improvement of governance systems, actions to support innovation in the sector, etc. Given the complex set of measures discussed, this work can provide a useful contribution to the management of fisheries both at local and regional level, fostering the transition to sustainable fisheries

Paleochannel and beach-bar palimpsest topography as initial substrate for coralligenous buildups offshore Venice, Italy

We provide a model for the genesis of Holocene coralligenous buildups occurring in the northwestern Adriatic Sea offshore Venice at 17-24 m depth. High-resolution geophysical surveys and underwater SCUBA diving reconnaissance revealed meandering shaped morphologies underneath bio-concretionned rocky buildups. These morphologies are inferred to have been inherited from Pleistocene fluvial systems reactivated as tidal channels during the post-Last Glacial Maximum transgression, when the study area was a lagoon protected by a sandy barrier. The lithification of the sandy fossil channel-levee systems is estimated to have occurred at ca. 7 cal. ka BP, likely due to the interaction between marine and less saline fluids related to onshore freshwater discharge at sea through a sealed water-table. The carbonate-cemented sandy layers served as nucleus for subsequent coralligenous buildups growth.Contiene material complementario: consultar en https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01483-z#Sec5Centro de Investigaciones Geológica

Paleochannel and beach-bar palimpsest topography as initial substrate for coralligenous buildups offshore Venice, Italy

We provide a model for the genesis of Holocene coralligenous buildups occurring in the northwestern Adriatic Sea offshore Venice at 17-24 m depth. High-resolution geophysical surveys and underwater SCUBA diving reconnaissance revealed meandering shaped morphologies underneath bio-concretionned rocky buildups. These morphologies are inferred to have been inherited from Pleistocene fluvial systems reactivated as tidal channels during the post-Last Glacial Maximum transgression, when the study area was a lagoon protected by a sandy barrier. The lithification of the sandy fossil channel-levee systems is estimated to have occurred at ca. 7 cal. ka BP, likely due to the interaction between marine and less saline fluids related to onshore freshwater discharge at sea through a sealed water-table. The carbonate-cemented sandy layers served as nucleus for subsequent coralligenous buildups growth.Contiene material complementario: consultar en https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01483-z#Sec5Centro de Investigaciones Geológica

Coding Early Naturalists' Accounts into Long-Term Fish Community Changes in the Adriatic Sea (1800–2000)

The understanding of fish communities' changes over the past centuries has important implications for conservation policy and marine resource management. However, reconstructing these changes is difficult because information on marine communities before the second half of the 20th century is, in most cases, anecdotal and merely qualitative. Therefore, historical qualitative records and modern quantitative data are not directly comparable, and their integration for long-term analyses is not straightforward. We developed a methodology that allows the coding of qualitative information provided by early naturalists into semi-quantitative information through an intercalibration with landing proportions. This approach allowed us to reconstruct and quantitatively analyze a 200-year-long time series of fish community structure indicators in the Northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Our analysis provides evidence of long-term changes in fish community structure, including the decline of Chondrichthyes, large-sized and late-maturing species. This work highlights the importance of broadening the time-frame through which we look at marine ecosystem changes and provides a methodology to exploit, in a quantitative framework, historical qualitative sources. To the purpose, naturalists' eyewitness accounts proved to be useful for extending the analysis on fish community back in the past, well before the onset of field-based monitoring programs

Ecological stages of the Venice Lagoon analysed using landing time series data

The time series of landings in the Venice Lagoon from 1945 to 2001 were analysed with the aim of explaining the ecosystem changes occurred. The comparative analysis of the total landings and mean Trophic Level (mTL) time series allowed to identify four different stages in the lagoon ecosystem. The first period, from 1945 to 1973, was characterised by increasing trends in the landings and their mTL. The second one, from 1974 to 1989, showed a decrease in the landings but still an increase in the mTL. The third period, from 1990 to 1998, had again a positive trend in the landings, but the mTL showed a sharp decline. After 1998, a slight decreasing trend in both mTL and landings was observed: the analyses of the artisanal fishery landings only date back to 1995 this effect. The presence of four distinct periods was also confirmed by the analysis of the trends of other indices estimated using landings data: the Fishing in Balance index (FiB), the Trophic Efficiency (TE) and the Pelagic on Demersal landings ratio (P/D). In the first period, the increasing fishing pressure, along with no evidence of ecosystemcrisis, suggested that an increased nutrient dischargewas supporting it; analogously, the bottom-up effects had driven the dynamics of the ecosystem also in the second period, when the decrease in nutrient loads caused a shift of the primary producers fromplanktonic tomacrobenthic. The spreading of theManila clam, a non-native species, and the development of its massive mechanical exploitation have been the main forces driving the ecosystem during the third period, forwhich, however, no signs of criseswere detected. The fourth period showed evidence of the ‘‘fishing down the food web’’ effect. Possible causes of such an effect were investigated and allowed us to conclude that not overfishing, but the effects ofmechanical harvesting of theManila clamhad caused relevant impacts on habitat and benthic communities, concluding that the present level of exploitation of the stock ofManila clamis not sustainable in the long term. Our findings were also compared with the general evolution of enclosed seas, subjected to high nutrient loads, fishing pressure and invasion by non-native species

Climate impact on Italian fisheries (Mediterranean Sea)

Global warming is increasingly affecting marine ecosystems and ecological services they provide. One of the major consequences is a shift in species geographical distribution, which may affect resources availability to fisheries. We computed the mean temperature of the catch (MTC) for Italian catches from 1972 to 2012 to test if an increase of warmer-water species against colder-water ones was observed. We further analysed the relationship among MTC, landings, fishing effort and climatic factors through a Linear Mixed Models approach. Global MTC increased at a rate of 0.12 _C per decade. Though, by considering the influence of sea surface temperature (SST), a strongest increase (0.31 _C) was estimated in southernmost areas, while in the northernmost basin (Northern Adriatic Sea) a decrease of 0.14 _C was observed. SST resulted the most relevant driver, and the relationship between MTC and SST showed a high spatial variability both in terms of strength and sign, being positively stronger in southernmost areas while negative in the northernmost basin. The result is probably underestimated since several psychrophilous and thermophilous species were not included in the analysis. However, it seems that a change towards warmer-water species has already occurred in Italian marine ecosystems. Conversely, total landings temporal dynamics seem mostly driven by changes in fishing effort rather than by MTC and climatic factors. Consequently, fishery management strategies need to focalize primarily on fishing effort reduction, in order to reduce the pressure on the stocks while increasing their resilience to other stressors, among which global warmingGlobal warming is increasingly affecting marine ecosystems and ecological services they provide. One of the major consequences is a shift in species geographical distribution, which may affect resources availability to fisheries. We computed the mean temperature of the catch (MTC) for Italian catches from 1972 to 2012 to test if an increase of warmer-water species against colder-water ones was observed. We further analysed the relationship among MTC, landings, fishing effort and climatic factors through a Linear Mixed Models approach. Global MTC increased at a rate of 0.12 A degrees C per decade. Though, by considering the influence of sea surface temperature (SST), a strongest increase (0.31 A degrees C) was estimated in southernmost areas, while in the northernmost basin (Northern Adriatic Sea) a decrease of 0.14 A degrees C was observed. SST resulted the most relevant driver, and the relationship between MTC and SST showed a high spatial variability both in terms of strength and sign, being positively stronger in southernmost areas while negative in the northernmost basin. The result is probably underestimated since several psychrophilous and thermophilous species were not included in the analysis. However, it seems that a change towards warmer-water species has already occurred in Italian marine ecosystems. Conversely, total landings temporal dynamics seem mostly driven by changes in fishing effort rather than by MTC and climatic factors. Consequently, fishery management strategies need to focalize primarily on fishing effort reduction, in order to reduce the pressure on the stocks while increasing their resilience to other stressors, among which global warming

Commentary on Italy's international seafood trade and its impacts

Being within a geographical area, EU-27, which imports a large proportion of the fish products consumed annually from abroad, Italy finds itself in a particularly critical situation; domestic production from fishing and aquaculture on the whole accounts for only 20% of consumption and even less in the case of crustaceans and cephalopods. Despite its strong dependence on foreign countries, per capita consumption is quite high, at 31 kg/y in recent times; furthermore, among the imports from abroad there is a large number of species (or their families) mostly obtained through fishing. A wiser exploitation of national fishing resources, a greater development of domestic aquaculture and consumption patterns relying less on wild fish and shellfish are desirable

Critical Inconsistencies in Early Implementations of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and Common Fisheries Policy Objectives Hamper Policy Synergies in Fostering the Sustainable Exploitation of Mediterranean Fisheries Resources

The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) aims to achieve “Good Environmental Status” (GES) in EU marine waters by 2020. This initiative started its first phase of implementation in 2012, when each member state defined the GES and environmental targets in relation to 11 descriptors and related indicators for 2020. In 2013, the EU Commission launched the reformed Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), which aims to achieve biomass levels capable of producing maximum sustainable yield (MSY) for all commercial stocks exploited in EU waters by 2020, as well as contribute to the achievement of GES. These two pieces of legislation are aligned since according to Descriptor 3 (commercial fish and shellfish), the MSFD requires reaching a healthy stock status with fishing mortality (F) and spawning stock biomass (SSB) compatible with the respective MSY reference limits for all commercial species by 2020. We investigated whether the two policies are effectively aligned in the Mediterranean Sea, an ecosystem where the vast majority of stocks show unsustainable exploitation. For this purpose, we assessed and compared the number and typology of stocks considered by the member states when assessing GES in relation to data on stocks potentially available according to the EU Data Collection Framework (DCF) and the proportion of landings they represented. The number of stocks considered by the member states per assessment area was uneven, ranging between 7 and 43, while the share of landings corresponding to the selected stocks ranged from 23 to 95%. A lack of coherence between GES definitions among the member states was also revealed, and environmental targets were less ambitious than MSFD and CFP requirements. This could possibly reduce the likelihood of achieving fishery sustainability in the Mediterranean by 2020. These conditions limited the envisaged synergies between the two policies and are discussed in consideration of the recent Commission Decision on criteria and methodological standards for GES

Dugoročno opadanje zastupljenosti vrste Chamelea gallina L. (Bivalvia: Veneridae) u ribarskim lovinama u Jadranu: da li je moguće objediniti uzroke?

Since the early 1970s a comparatively large clam fishery based on hydraulic dredgers has beendeveloping, though later declining, along the Italian coast of the Adriatic Sea (Central Mediterranean).In the late 1970s the fishery yielded 80,000-100,000 metric tons per year (at least accordingto the best available estimates, based on confidential interviews with fishermen, fish retailers as wellas examination of trade sheets) but later progressively decreased in most recent years to one sixthof the previous level. In Italy it was the first fishery to be controlled through licences whose number had been set at thenational level to keep the fleet and the fishing effort nearly unchanged, but the number of authorisedvessels actually increased during the 1980s and technical improvements on the fishing gear allowedthe boats to sweep greater ground areas per unit time. This explains why various measures weresought to reduce the fishing pressure on clam beds (such as withdrawal of vessels, imposition ofclosed seasons, larger open spaces in the sieves), and a limited reduction of the fleet was pursued inthe late 1990s after large mortality events were recorded during late summer-early autumn of 1996. At the same time the influence of unknown environmental factors was occasionally assumed forthe fishery, and the greater abundance of clam beds as well as other fish and shellfish resources inthe Adriatic in comparison with other Mediterranean areas was tied to the large freshwater inflowfrom the Po and other rivers. Because of such discrepancies in the literature we reviewed all available papers (or nearly so)on the Adriatic clam fishery (including national laws, reports on the eutrophication of the coastalareas of NE Italy, and others) in order to understand the role of environmental factors (i.e. unrelatedto the fishing effort) vs. fishing pressure for determining causes of the clam decline. Althoughthe low qualitative level of many data makes it difficult to disentangle the decline’s causes, indirectclues show that the progressive reduction of freshwater flow into the Adriatic Sea, as well as of itsphosphate content, have been playing a relevant role in the matter.Od ranih 70-ih relativno veliki dio ulova školjkaša bio je zansnovan na uporabi hidrauličnih dredža i bio je u porastu, naspram kasnijem padu ulova, duž talijanske obale Jadranskog mora (središnji Mediteran). U kasnim 70-im godinama zabilježen je ulov od 80.000-100.000 metričkih tona godišnje (i to prema najboljoj procjeni zasnovanoj na povjerljivim intervjuima ribara, prodavača morskih plodova i uvidom u ribarstvena trgovinska izvješća), no kasnije je progresivno ulov opadao i to na jednu šestinu prethodno navedenog iznosa. U Italiji je to bio prvi dio ribarstva koji je bio kontroliran putem licenci i čiji je broj bio ustanovljen na nacionalom nivou kako bi se flota i ribarstveni napor održavali nepromijenjenim, ali broj ovlaštenih brodova se povećao tijekom 80-ih i tehnička dostignuća su omogućila da se jednim potegom može više površine izloviti po jedinici vremena. To objašnjava činjenicu zbog čega su primjenjene razne mjere kako bi se smanjio izlov naselja školjkaša (kao npr. povlačenje brodova, uspostava lovostaja, veći otvori na rešetkama), a ograničeno smanjenje flote je obavljeno u kasnim 90-im nakon veće smrtnosti koja je bila zabilježena u kasnom ljetu – ranoj jeseni 1996. godine. Istovremeno utjecaj nepoznatih čimbenika u okolišu je povremeno bio prisutan i u ribarstvu, a veća gutoća naselja školjkaša kao i drugih riba i ostalih izvora školjkaša u Jadranu u usporedbi s drugim područjima u Mediteranu je bila povezana uz veliki unos slatke vode rijeke Po i drugih rijeka. Zbog neusklađenosti u literaturi, pregledali smo sve dostupne radove (ili približno sve) koji se odnose na ulov školjkaša u Jadranskom moru (uključujući nacionalne zakone, izvješća o eutrofikaciji obalnih područja u sjeverno-istočnoj Italiji, i ostalo) s ciljem boljeg razumijevanja uloge čimbenika okoliša (tj. koji se ne odnose na ribarstveni napor) naspram utjecaja ribarstvenog napora kao mogućeg uzroka opadanja količine školjkaša. Niska kvaliteta mnoštva podataka otežava određivanje uzroka opadanja količine školjkaša, dok indirektni pokazatelji ukazuju na progresivno smanjenje dotoka svježe vode u Jadransko more i sadržaj fosfata kao čimbenike koji imaju važnu ulogu u cijelom procesu