109 research outputs found
Simulation and Estimation of Loss Given Default
The aim of our paper is the development of an adequate estimation model for the loss given default, which incorporates the empirically observed bimodality and bounded nature of the distribution. Therefore we introduce an adjusted Expectation Maximization algorithm to estimate the parameters of a univariate mixture distribution, consisting of two beta distributions. Subsequently these estimations are compared with the Maximum Likelihood estimators to test the efficiency and accuracy of both algorithms. Furthermore we analyze our derived estimation model with estimation models proposed in the literature on a synthesized loan portfolio. The simulated loan portfolio consists of possibly loss-influencing parameters that are merged with loss given default observations via a quasi-random approach. Our results show that our proposed model exhibits more accurate loss given default estimators than the benchmark models for different simulated data sets comprising obligor-specific parameters with either high predictive power or low predictive power for the loss given default.Bimodality, EM Algorithm, Loss Given Default, Maximum Likelihood, Mixture Distribution, Portfolio Simulation
Measures of Predictive Success for Rating Functions
Aim of our paper is to develop an adequate measure of predictive success and accuracy of rating functions. At first, we show that the common measures of rating accuracy, i.e. area under curve and accuracy ratio, respectively, lack of informative value of single rating classes. Selten (1991) builds up an axiomatic framework for measures of predictive success. Therefore, we introduce a measure for rating functions that fulfills the axioms proposed by Selten (1991). Furthermore, an empirical investigation analyzes predictive power and accuracy of Standard & Poor's and Moody's ratings, and compares the rankings according to area under curve and our measure.Accuracy Measure, Rating Functions, Predictive Success, Discriminative Power
Economic Loan Loss Provision and Expected Loss
The intention of a loss provision is the anticipation of credit's expected losses by adjusting the book values of the credits. Furthermore, this loan loss provision has to be compared to the expected loss according to Basel II and if necessary, equity has to be adjusted. This however assumes that the loan loss provision and the expected loss are comparable, which is only valid conditionally in current loan loss provisioning methods according to IAS. The provisioning and accounting model developed in this paper overcomes the before mentioned shortcomings and is consistent with an economic rationale of expected losses. We introduce a deÂŻnition of expected loss referring to the whole maturity of the loan and show that this measure can be reasonably compared with loan loss provisions. Additionally, this model is based on a close-to-market valuation of the loan. Suggestions for changes in current accounting and capital requirement rules are provided.loan loss provision, expected loss, IAS, Basel II
Dividend Yield and Stability versus Performance at the German Stock Market
It is often examined in the literature whether the dividend yields of stocks correlate with their total returns. This paper analyzes the effect of dividend yield on return as well as on risk and on performance of stocks and stock portfolios. Not only the influence of dividend yield but also of dividend stability is subject of our analysis. Furthermore, tax aspects are considered. Our data set comprises daily adjusted stock prices and dividend payment data from the German capital market over the period 2000 to 2006. We use stocks from the HDAX, which include blue chips (DAX), stocks of medium-sized companies (MDAX), and stocks of technology firms (TecDAX). Our findings suggest that the performance generally improves with an increasing dividend yield. However, this result is rather based on risk reduction than on a higher return where risk reduction diminishes by increasing the degree of diversification.dividend yield, dividend stability, diversification, performance
Economic Loan Loss Provision and Expected Loss
The intention of a loss provision is the anticipation of credit\u27s expected losses by adjusting the book values of the credits. Furthermore, this loan loss provision has to be compared to the expected loss according to Basel II and if necessary, equity has to be adjusted. This however assumes that the loan loss provision and the expected loss are comparable, which is only valid conditionally in current loan loss provisioning methods according to IAS. The provisioning and accounting model developed in this paper overcomes the before mentioned shortcomings and is consistent with an economic rationale of expected losses. We introduce a deÂŻnition of expected loss referring to the whole maturity of the loan and show that this measure can be reasonably compared with loan loss provisions. Additionally, this model is based on a close-to-market valuation of the loan. Suggestions for changes in current accounting and capital requirement rules are provided
Measures of Predictive Success for Rating Functions
Aim of our paper is to develop an adequate measure of predictive success and accuracy of rating functions. At first, we show that the common measures of rating accuracy, i.e. area under curve and accuracy ratio, respectively, lack of informative value of single rating classes. Selten (1991) builds up an axiomatic framework for measures of predictive success. Therefore, we introduce a measure for rating functions that fulfills the axioms proposed by Selten (1991). Furthermore, an empirical investigation analyzes predictive power and accuracy of Standard & Poor\u27s and Moody\u27s ratings, and compares the rankings according to area under curve and our measure.Aim of our paper is to develop an adequate measure of predictive success and accuracy of rating functions. At first, we show that the common measures of rating accuracy, i.e. area under curve and accuracy ratio, respectively, lack of informative value of single rating classes. Selten (1991) builds up an axiomatic framework for measures of predictive success. Therefore, we introduce a measure for rating functions that fulfills the axioms proposed by Selten (1991). Furthermore, an empirical investigation analyzes predictive power and accuracy of Standard & Poor\u27s and Moody\u27s ratings, and compares the rankings according to area under curve and our measure
Simulation and Estimation of Loss Given Default
The aim of our paper is the development of an adequate estimation model for the loss given default, which incorporates the empirically observed bimodality and bounded nature of the distribution. Therefore we introduce an adjusted Expectation Maximization algorithm to estimate the parameters of a univariate mixture distribution, consisting of two beta distributions. Subsequently these estimations are compared with the Maximum Likelihood estimators to test the efficiency and accuracy of both algorithms. Furthermore we analyze our derived estimation model with estimation models proposed in the literature on a synthesized loan portfolio. The simulated loan portfolio consists of possibly loss-influencing parameters that are merged with loss given default observations via a quasi-random approach. Our results show that our proposed model exhibits more accurate loss given default estimators than the benchmark models for different simulated data sets comprising obligor-specific parameters with either high predictive power or low predictive power for the loss given default
Dividend Yield and Stability versus Performance at the German Stock Market
It is often examined in the literature whether the dividend yields of stocks correlate with their total returns. This paper analyzes the effect of dividend yield on return as well as on risk and on performance of stocks and stock portfolios. Not only the influence of dividend yield but also of dividend stability is subject of our analysis. Furthermore, tax aspects are considered. Our data set comprises daily adjusted stock prices and dividend payment data from the German capital market over the period 2000 to 2006. We use stocks from the HDAX, which include blue chips (DAX), stocks of medium-sized companies (MDAX), and stocks of technology firms (TecDAX). Our findings suggest that the performance generally improves with an increasing dividend yield. However, this result is rather based on risk reduction than on a higher return where risk reduction diminishes by increasing the degree of diversification
Red blood cells tracking and cell-free layer formation in a microchannel with hyperbolic contraction: a CFD model validation
Background and Objective: In recent years, progress in microfabrication technologies has attracted the
attention of researchers across disciplines. Microfluidic devices have the potential to be developed into
powerful tools that can elucidate the biophysical behavior of blood flow in microvessels. Such devices
can also be used to separate the suspended physiological fluid from whole in vitro blood, which includes
cells. Therefore, it is essential to acquire a detailed description of the complex interaction between erythrocytes (red blood cells; RBCs) and plasma. RBCs tend to undergo axial migration caused by occurrence
of the Fåhræus-Lindqvist effect. These dynamics result in a cell-free layer (CFL), or a low volume fraction
of cells, near the vessel wall. The aim of the paper is to develop a numerical model capable of reproducing the behavior of multiphase flow in a microchannel obtained under laboratory conditions and to
compare two multiphase modelling techniques Euler-Euler and Euler-Lagrange.
Methods: In this work, we employed a numerical Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the
blood flow within microchannels with two hyperbolic contraction shapes. The simulation was used to
reproduce the blood flow behavior in a microchannel under laboratory conditions, where the CFL formation is visible downstream of the hyperbolic contraction. The multiphase numerical model was developed
using Euler-Euler and hybrid Euler-Lagrange approaches. The hybrid CFD simulation of the RBC transport
model was performed using a Discrete Phase Model. Blood was assumed to be a nonhomogeneous mixture of two components: dextran, whose properties are consistent with plasma, and RBCs, at a hematocrit
of 5% (percent by volume of RBCs).
Results: The results show a 5 ÎĽm thick CFL in a microchannel with a broader contraction and a 35 ÎĽm
thick CFL in a microchannel with a narrower contraction. The RBC volume fraction in the CFL is less
than 2%, compared to 7–8% in the core flow. The results are consistent for both multiphase simulation
techniques used. The simulation results were then validated against the experimentally-measured CFL in
each of the studied microchannel geometries.
Conclusions: Reasonable agreement between experiments and simulations was achieved. A validated
model such as the one tested in this study can expedite the microchannel design process by minimizing
the need to prefabricate prototypes and test them under laboratory conditions.The work was partially supported by the Faculty of Energy and
Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology (SUT)
within Ministry of Education and Science (Poland) statutory research funding scheme (MG, ZO) and by the Silesian University
of Technology rector’s pro-quality grants No. 02/040/RGJ21/1011
(SS) and 08/060/RGJ21/1017 (ZO) and National Center of Science
(Poland) No. 2017/27/B/ST8/01046 (BM). Rui Lima and JoĂŁo M.
Miranda were partially funded by Portuguese national funds of
FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) through the base funding from the following
research units: UIDB/00532/2020 (Transport Phenomena Research
Center CEFT) and UIDB/04077/2020 (MEtRICs)
Rab27a controls HIV-1 assembly by regulating plasma membrane levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
During the late stages of the HIV-1 replication cycle, the viral polyprotein Pr55Gag is recruited to the plasma membrane (PM), where it binds phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) and directs HIV-1 assembly. We show that Rab27a controls the trafficking of late endosomes carrying phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type 2 α (PI4KIIα) toward the PM of CD4+ T cells. Hence, Rab27a promotes high levels of PM phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and the localized production of PI(4,5)P2, therefore controlling Pr55Gag membrane association. Rab27a also controls PI(4,5)P2 levels at the virus-containing compartments of macrophages. By screening Rab27a effectors, we identified that Slp2a, Slp3, and Slac2b are required for the association of Pr55Gag with the PM and that Slp2a cooperates with Rab27a in the recruitment of PI4KIIα to the PM. We conclude that by directing the trafficking of PI4KIIα-positive endosomes toward the PM, Rab27a controls PI(4,5)P2 production and, consequently, HIV-1 replication.Fil: Pereyra Gerber, Federico PehuĂ©n. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Oficina de CoordinaciĂłn Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones BiomĂ©dicas en Retrovirus y Sida. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones BiomĂ©dicas en Retrovirus y Sida; ArgentinaFil: Cabrini, Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Oficina de CoordinaciĂłn Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones BiomĂ©dicas en Retrovirus y Sida. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones BiomĂ©dicas en Retrovirus y Sida; ArgentinaFil: Jancic, Carolina Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Instituto de Medicina Experimental. Academia Nacional de Medicina de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Experimental; ArgentinaFil: Paoletti, Luciana Elisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Banchio, Claudia Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias BioquĂmicas y FarmacĂ©uticas. Instituto de BiologĂa Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Von Bilderling, Catalina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Oficina de CoordinaciĂłn Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de FĂsica de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de FĂsica de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Sigaut, Lorena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de MicroscopĂas Avanzadas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pietrasanta, Lia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de MicroscopĂas Avanzadas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas; ArgentinaFil: Duette, Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Oficina de CoordinaciĂłn Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones BiomĂ©dicas en Retrovirus y Sida. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones BiomĂ©dicas en Retrovirus y Sida; ArgentinaFil: Freed, Eric O.. National Cancer Institute at Frederick; Estados UnidosFil: Basile, Genevieve de Saint. Institut National de la SantĂ© et de la Recherche MĂ©dicale; FranciaFil: Moita, Catarina Ferreira. Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia; PortugalFil: Moita, Luis Ferreira. Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia; PortugalFil: Amigorena, Sebastian. Institute Curie; FranciaFil: Benaroch, Philippe. Institute Curie; FranciaFil: Geffner, Jorge RaĂşl. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Oficina de CoordinaciĂłn Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones BiomĂ©dicas en Retrovirus y Sida. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones BiomĂ©dicas en Retrovirus y Sida; ArgentinaFil: Ostrowski, Matias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Oficina de CoordinaciĂłn Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones BiomĂ©dicas en Retrovirus y Sida. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones BiomĂ©dicas en Retrovirus y Sida; Argentin
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