Evaluación de la carga y fatiga mental en docentes. caso de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato.

Se estudió la Carga Mental en el personal docente de la Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos (FCIAL) Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato (UTA) utilizando el método el NASA-Task Load Index (TLX).   Se cuantificó la exigencia mental, exigencia física, exigencia temporal, el esfuerzo, rendimiento y el nivel de frustración en el personal docente de la FCIAL como factor de riesgo psicosocial y sus efectos como resultado de molestias por fatiga Normal y Fatiga Crónica siguiendo la Norma NTP 544 aplicando métodos estandarizados que determinan las características de la tarea y sus condiciones de ejecución en un solo resultado sumativo. Métodos: El estudio inicia con la identificación de los individuos expuestos a factores de riesgo psicosocial de nivel crítico utilizando una matriz de riesgos laborales de triple criterio.  Al grupo de exposición se aplicó el método NASA-Task Load Index (TLX) para cuantificar: El esfuerzo, la Demanda mental, la Demanda física, la Demanda temporal, el Rendimiento y el Nivel de frustración y determinar un valor final de Carga mental calculado. La aplicación del método se realizó en dos fases: la primera de ponderación y una siguiente de puntuación de la percepción de la sensación subjetiva de carga. El estudio considera la aplicación del método en dos quincenas. El estudio se completa estimando la aplicación de un cuestionario validado para evaluar la fatiga mental normal y crónica.   Resultados: De la matriz de riesgo se identificó un 68% de personas expuestas a carga mental. Se encontró que en la primera quincena la presencia de carga mental supera el 45% y en la segunda quincena supera el 69% de carga mental. En cuanto a la fatiga mental para la primera quincena los valores de fatiga son de: cansancio 33%; irritabilidad 17%; organización y diseño del puesto de trabajo 13%; ansiedad 11%; insomnio 8%; perdida de atención 6%, mareos 6%, bajo rendimiento 6% para la segunda quincena se observa valores de: perdida de atención 16%, mareos 16%, bajo rendimiento 16%; insomnio 15%; ansiedad 14%, cansancio 12%, irritabilidad 10%, organización y diseño del puesto de trabajo 1%. Conclusión: Los resultados estadísticos efectuados con el Chi cuadrado determina una incidencia directa de la carga mental con la fatiga mental, siendo la segunda quincena de evaluación la que tiene valores más elevados del nivel de afectación en carga mental. Además, se comprobó una mayor presencia de Fatiga normal que la Fatiga crónica. Los individuos evaluados se encuentran laborando más de dos semestres consecutivos en jornada de 8 horas en el sector de la sierra ecuatoriana

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT THROUGH SPACE AGENCIES

Technology management is the process of directing all activities geared to a public or private institution to make the most efficient use of technology. Technology is created through joint expertise, scientifically arranged, to design and create goods and/or services that facilitate daily life. These skills are acquired in educational institutions and finally applied in technological development industry by acquisition or through research. Within space technology, this can be done through space agencies. In this paper the major space agencies are: National Aeronautics and Space Administration&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (NASA), Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS), China National Space Administration (CNSA) and European Space Agency (ESA), which systemically work with industry and academia integrating basic and applied scientific research in each country. The Mexican Space Agency (AEM) is the youngest space agency. Unlike its predecessors, it has failed to integrate basic and applied scientific research to the productive sector as demonstrated throughout this document.&nbsp

Evaluación de la carga y fatiga mental en docentes. caso de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato

Se estudió la Carga Mental en el personal docente de la Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos (FCIAL) Carrera de Ingeniería Bioquímica de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato (UTA) utilizando el método el NASA-Task Load Index (TLX). Se cuantificó la exigencia mental, exigencia física, exigencia temporal, el esfuerzo, rendimiento y el nivel de frustración en el personal docente de la FCIAL como factor de riesgo psicosocial y sus efectos como resultado de molestias por fatiga Normal y Fatiga Crónica siguiendo la Norma NTP 544 aplicando métodos estandarizados que determinan las características de la tarea y sus condiciones de ejecución en un solo resultado sumativo. Métodos: El estudio inicia con la identificación de los individuos expuestos a factores de riesgo psicosocial de nivel crítico utilizando una matriz de riesgos laborales de triple criterio. Al grupo de exposición se aplicó el método NASA-Task Load Index (TLX) para cuantificar: El esfuerzo, la Demanda mental, la Demanda física, la Demanda temporal, el Rendimiento y el Nivel de frustración y determinar un valor final de Carga mental calculado. La aplicación del método se realizó en dos fases: la primera de ponderación y una siguiente de puntuación de la percepción de la sensación subjetiva de carga. El estudio considera la aplicación del método en dos quincenas. El estudio se completa estimando la aplicación de un cuestionario validado para evaluar la fatiga mental normal y crónica. Resultados: De la matriz de riesgo se identificó un 68% de personas expuestas a carga mental. Se encontró que en la primera quincena la presencia de carga mental supera el 45% y en la segunda quincena supera el 69% de carga mental. En cuanto a la fatiga mental para la primera quincena los valores de fatiga son de: cansancio 33%; irritabilidad 17%; organización y diseño del puesto de trabajo 13%; ansiedad 11%; insomnio 8%; perdida de atención 6%, mareos 6%, bajo rendimiento 6% para la segunda quincena se observa valores de: perdida de atención 16%, mareos 16%, bajo rendimiento 16%; insomnio 15%; ansiedad 14%, cansancio 12%, irritabilidad 10%, organización y diseño del puesto de trabajo 1%. Conclusión: Los resultados estadísticos efectuados con el Chi cuadrado determina una incidencia directa de la carga mental con la fatiga mental, siendo la segunda quincena de evaluación la que tiene valores más elevados del nivel de afectación en carga mental. Además, se comprobó una mayor presencia de Fatiga normal que la Fatiga crónica. Los individuos evaluados se encuentran laborando más de dos semestres consecutivos en jornada de 8 horas en el sector de la sierra ecuatoriana

Syndemic and syndemogenesis of low back pain in Latin-American population: a network and cluster analysis

Introduction: Although low back pain (LBP) is a high-impact health condition, its burden has not been examined from the syndemic perspective. Objective: To compare and assess clinical, socioeconomic, and geographic factors associated with LBP prevalence in low-income and upper-middle-income countries using syndemic and syndemogenesis frameworks based on network and cluster analyses. Methods: Analyses were performed by adopting network and cluster design, whereby interrelations among the individual and social variables and their combinations were established. The required data was sourced from the databases pertaining to the six Latin-American countries. Results: Database searches yielded a sample of 55,724 individuals (mean age 43.38 years, SD = 17.93), 24.12% of whom were indigenous, and 60.61% were women. The diagnosed with LBP comprised 6.59% of the total population. Network analysis showed higher relationship individuals’ variables such as comorbidities, unhealthy habits, low educational level, living in rural areas, and indigenous status were found to be significantly associated with LBP. Cluster analysis showed significant association between LBP prevalence and social variables (e.g. Gender inequality Index, Human Development Index, Income Inequality). Conclusions:LBP is a highly prevalent condition in Latin-American populations with a high impact on the quality of life of young adults. It is particularly debilitating for women, indigenous individuals, and those with low educational level, and is further exacerbated by the presence of comorbidities, especially those in the mental health domain. Thus, the study findings demonstrate that syndemic and syndemogenesis have the potential to widen the health inequities stemming from LBP in vulnerable populations.Introduction: Although low back pain (LBP) is a high-impact health condition, its burden has not been examined from the syndemic perspective. Objective: To compare and assess clinical, socioeconomic, and geographic factors associated with LBP prevalence in low-income and upper-middle-income countries using syndemic and syndemogenesis frameworks based on network and cluster analyses. Methods: Analyses were performed by adopting network and cluster design, whereby interrelations among the individual and social variables and their combinations were established. The required data was sourced from the databases pertaining to the six Latin-American countries. Results: Database searches yielded a sample of 55,724 individuals (mean age 43.38 years, SD = 17.93), 24.12% of whom were indigenous, and 60.61% were women. The diagnosed with LBP comprised 6.59% of the total population. Network analysis showed higher relationship individuals’ variables such as comorbidities, unhealthy habits, low educational level, living in rural areas, and indigenous status were found to be significantly associated with LBP. Cluster analysis showed significant association between LBP prevalence and social variables (e.g. Gender inequality Index, Human Development Index, Income Inequality). Conclusions:LBP is a highly prevalent condition in Latin-American populations with a high impact on the quality of life of young adults. It is particularly debilitating for women, indigenous individuals, and those with low educational level, and is further exacerbated by the presence of comorbidities, especially those in the mental health domain. Thus, the study findings demonstrate that syndemic and syndemogenesis have the potential to widen the health inequities stemming from LBP in vulnerable populations