Deterioration Factors that Affect the Mural Paintings at Memi\u27s Burial Chamber in Saqqara, Egypt

Saqqara was the main necropolis of Memphis that was the capital of ancient Egypt during the time of the Old Kingdom, and it has a lot of tombs dating back along the ancient Egyptian history from the time of the first and second dynasties to the Greco-Roman period. Some of the ancient Egyptian tombs from the fifth and sixth dynasties have decorated burial chambers. One of them is the tomb of Memi that might date back to the late fifth dynasty and the beginning of the sixth dynasty. Although his burial chamber has three beautiful decorated walls, the most of the decorated plaster fell down off the bed rock walls. There are some deterioration factors that have affected the mural paintings at Memi\u27s burial chamber, some internal and the other external, and they led to the deterioration of the mural paintings. High humidity is one of the most dangerous factors that carries salts out of the inside structure of the bed rock to the surface and under the plaster, when humidity decreases. It leaves salt under the plaster, that pushes the plaster and causes it to fall down. The internal structure of the bed rock has clay minerals that are affected by the presence of high humidity that leads those minerals to swell and push the plaster off the bedrock walls. Gypsum plaster was used at Memi\u27s burial chamber, whose main components of the plaster are gypsum, sand, calcite and clay minerals. Those components are inhomogeneous and they led to different effect by weathering factors. The thickness of the plaster at Memi\u27s burial chamber varies according to the regularity of the bedrock. However, in general, the thickness of the plaster is thin and the thinness makes it easy to be cracked and broken when it falls off the walls. As a result of high humidity, there is a clear growth of microorganisms on the bedrock walls and the plaster. Salts such as gypsum and halite are the worst problem in the burial chamber because they crystalized to form pins that pushed the plaster to separate and fill off the bed rock walls.This work was supported by JSPS, KAKENHI (21H04366)

Integrating M-Learning in Teaching ECG Reading and Arrhythmia Management for Undergraduate Nursing Students

Use of mobile devices among nursing students is recently a widespread approach. Integrating mobile devices in education can improve the quality of nursing education by engaging students in learning experience. The present study aims at investigating theeffect of using Mobile Learning (M-learning) on students’ academicachievements and satisfaction. Therefore, quasi-experimental design was used. The study included 104 students who were enrolled in a critical care course at the faculty of Nursing. During the study, the participant were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group 52 students were able to use a developed mobile application, which includes learning materials and multimedia resources, dedicated to critical care course.  On the other hand, control group 52 students were able to explore the classical learning materials form the course. The study included students’ attitudes, students’ satisfaction, and students’ academic achievements. Differences between the two groups were considered significant as the result was p &lt; 0.05. The obtained results showed significance difference between pre-post quizzes achievements between the experimental and control group (p&lt;0.000). Additionally, 76% of the students were satisfied with using M-learning. The study revealed that there was improvement in the student academic achievements and satisfaction when integrating mobile learning into nursing education.</p

Administration of Ethanolic Extract of <i>Spinacia oleracea</i> Rich in Omega-3 Improves Oxidative Stress and Goblet Cells in Broiler Chickens Infected with <i>Eimeria tenella</i>

This study investigated the anticoccidial activity of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) whole-plant extract against Eimeria tenella, both in vitro and in vivo. For this purpose, one hundred 8-day-old broiler chicks of both sexes were divided into four groups (n = 25 in each group). Chicks in the first group served as the negative control (non-treated–non-infected). Chicks in the second group were challenged at 18 days old with 5 × 104 E. tenella sporulated oocysts. The third group was challenged with 5 × 104 sporulated E. tenella oocysts at 18 days old after receiving spinach extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg at 8 days old. The fourth group received 0.2 mg/kg diclazuril (Coxiril® 0.2%) in their diet two days before being orally infected with 5 × 104 sporulated E. tenella oocysts and this continued till day 10 post-infection (PI). The growth performance, clinical symptoms, oocyst shedding, histological findings, and biochemical parameters were used to evaluate the efficacy on day 8 PI when the infection was at its peak. A gas chromatography examination revealed that omega-3 fatty acids were the main constituents of the spinach extract, followed by oleic acid, palmitic acid, and phytol, with amounts of 23.37%, 17.53%, 11.26%, and 7.97%, respectively. The in vitro investigation revealed that the spinach extract at concentrations of 10% and 5% inhibited the oocyst sporulation by 52.1% and 45.1%, respectively. The 5% concentration was selected for the in vivo trial based on the results of the in vitro study. The infected–untreated group showed high levels of OPG; lower body weight; a greater number of parasite stages; few goblet cells; decreased SOD, CAT, and GPX levels; and increased MDA and NO levels. The spinach-treated group, on the other hand, showed a significant decrease in oocyst output per gram of feces (OPG), increased body weight, decreased parasitic stages, and a nearly normal number of goblet cells. Additionally, it reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), while increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). In conclusion, spinach produced significant antioxidant effects, increased body weight, reduced the number of oocysts and parasite stages in the caecum, and restored the number of goblet cells relative to those of an uninfected control. Furthermore, spinach extract inhibits the sporulation percentage of E. tenella oocysts. The ethanolic extract of S. oleracea (whole plant) contained high concentrations of fatty acids, palmitic acid, Phytol, betulin, and ursolic aldehyde, all of which are known to regulate the antioxidant pathway and modulate inflammatory processes and may be the main reason for its anticoccidial activity