The Reflex Effects on the Respiratory Regulation of the CO2 at the Different Flow Rate and Concentration

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the activation of the respiratory centers during insufflation of the larynx with CO2 at different flow rates and concentrations. Materials and Methods: The experiments were carried out in spontaneous air breathing rabbits, anesthetized with thiopental sodium (25 mg kg(-1) i.v.). The larynx was separated from the oropharyngeal cavity and the trachea. The tidal volume (V-T) and respiratory frequency (f min(-1)) were recorded from the lower tracheal cannula. The respiratory minute volume (V-E) was calculated, the action potentials from the right phrenic nerve were recorded and the inspiratory (T-I) and expiratory (T-E) periods and the mean inspiratory flow rate (V-T/T-I) were calculated. The larynx was insufflated at flow rates of 500 mL min(-1) and 750 mL min(-1), with 7 and 12% CO2-Air by means of a respiratory pump. Results: Insufflation of the larynx, with both gas mixtures, decreased the f and VT significantly. The T, and TE were found to increase significantly due to the decreasing in f. There was a significant decrease in V-T/T-I ratio. Following bilateral midcervical vagotomy, on the passing of both gas mixtures, significant decreases were observed in the VT, and the responses of f, T, and TE were abolished. After cutting the superior laryngeal nerve, the responses of the VT to both gas mixtures were abolished. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of this study purpose that the stimulation of the laryngeal mechanoreceptors by the effect of hypercapnia decreases the activation of the respiratory center

Factors of Affecting Sleep Quality in Cancer Patients

Aim:Sleep disorders are one of the most common problems in patients with malignancy and they severely decrease the quality of life. We sought to investigate the frequency of sleep disturbances, its quantity, quality and possible correlation with related factors such as depression and anxiety.Materials and Methods:150 patients participated and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to evaluate the sleep quality. It is a self-administered questionnaire and standardized measure of sleep quality. Total score of ≥5 shows that the quality of sleep is remarkably bad. Also a self-report measure of depression, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); and a self-report measure of anxiety, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used.Results:Of the 150 patients, 74.0% has bad sleep quality (score >5 ). Mean PSQI total score was 7.34 (min 0-max 20). No differences were found between PSQI mean scores in terms of gender, radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy (CHT), having chronic disease or having metastatic disease. NSAIDs and opioids were significantly correlated with PSQI (p<0.001). PSQI total scores are strongly associated with the BDI score (r=.424, p<0.001) and BAI score (r=.417, p<0.001).Conclusion:We found a high prevalence rate of bad sleep quality at 74%. Effective sleep treatment and psychological support should be provided in oncology clinics

An educational journal published in latest years of otoman state: Tedrisat Mecmuasi

World Conference on Educational Sciences -- FEB 04-07, 2009 -- Nicosia, CYPRUSWOS: 000275580400200The latest years of Otoman State, namely Second Constitutional Era is a period which was various innovations were realized. Especially, important progression and change were performed education domain. Serious progressions were realized with related to teacher training and teaching techniques. Teaching Reviw (Tedrisat Mecmuasi) which had been published by teachers high school (Darul Muallimin Mektebi) was contributed to teacher training and teaching techniques. There were various articles about teaching techniques and sample lesson plans for various disciplines with related to teaching secondary school courses. Moreover, we seems important in terms of history of education about teacher training articles were published in this journal. In this point of view, it would be expected that, the values and content of teaching review will be significant for educators. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserve

Metaphor components and usage in the fourth grade social studies textbook

World Conference on Educational Sciences -- FEB 04-07, 2009 -- Nicosia, CYPRUSWOS: 000275580400199Metaphor, as using to other disciplines, have a usable characteristic with comfortable and enjoyable way in education. Especially, social studies courses and textbook supplies a lot of opportunities fort this mean. To related with social phenomena, individual diversity and relations of social studies course, in the same time related with metaphor. Individual and socialization are examined by social studies, individual and communication are examined by metaphor. In this context, while the metaphor is a significant component of individual and society, significant for social studies courses and textbook. In this study, content analysis method was used to fourth grade social studies textbook. Metaphor components are determined in textbook. In addition to this, what goals and which ratio have been represented were described. It is expected that, this research findings is important in terms of metaphor usage and styles in fourth grade social textbook. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserve

High teacher training school's teacher application exams in the late ottoman empire (second constitutionalist period)

2nd World Conference on Educational Sciences (WCES-2010) -- FEB 04-08, 2010 -- Bahceschir Univ, Istanbul, TURKEYWOS: 000282002802097One of the most important and densest phase of Turkish Education System is the Second Constitutionalist Period which is the Ottoman Empire's late period. In this period there have been dramatic changes and developments especially in teacher training system. Activities and applicable actions in teacher training systems are remarkable. Especially high teacher training school (Daru'l-muallimin) exams and questions' content, style and level in this exams are interesting. In this research literature review method is used. The questions asked to teacher candidates in teacher application exams in the mentioned period, are going to be translated into present-day Turkish from Ottoman Turkish. After this translation related questions are going to be reviewed in terms of content, style and level. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Graduate thesis studies about using material at social science education

3rd World Conference on Educational Sciences (WCES) -- FEB 03-07, 2011 -- Bahcesehir Univ, Istanbul, TURKEYWOS: 000466750603052Graduate thesis work in the field of social sciences in Turkey is increasing rapidly. Especially in 1998, the process of restructuring of faculties of education provides to an increase in both of quality and quantity of master studies in the field of social sciences as with other areas. In addition, since 2005, transition to a constructivist approach at curriculum also positively affected the diversity of graduate theses. These studies prepared by researchers have a major impact on the development of such area. At graduate studies in the field of social sciences, the researches about 'use of materials' are given wide coverage. In this study, has been examined graduate thesis about use of material in the field of social sciences by using "meta analysis model". Total 93 thesis which are composed from 87 master thesis and 6 doctoral thesis, are the subject of this study As a result of review of the literature has been reached to these studies that composes of content. (c) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Ankara Univ, Near E Uni

The effects of using cartoon in teaching social sciences on attitudes of students against to social science course

3rd World Conference on Educational Sciences (WCES) -- FEB 03-07, 2011 -- Bahcesehir Univ, Istanbul, TURKEYWOS: 000466750603051In Turkey, since 2004, transition to a constructivist approach at curriculum has also led to deep-rooted changes in social sciences classes as with all courses. Change in the Social Studies Course Program made it necessary to use different types of materials in lessons by teachers. One of the materials used to make more effective and efficient of social sciences lessons is comic film that have a big place in the world of children. In this study, have been studied the effect of using comic films in teaching social sciences at the primary fifth class on attitudes of students against to social science course. The research, at the second term of 2009-2010 academic year, were made over Elementary first-grade 5 grade students. In this research, experiment and experimental design with control group were used. In the result of research, attitude of experimental group's, who are used comic films in the process of teaching procedure, towards the lesson is significantly higher than experimental group, who are not used comic films in the education process.Ankara Univ, Near E Uni

Using graphic illustrations with social studies textbooks

2nd World Conference on Educational Sciences (WCES-2010) -- FEB 04-08, 2010 -- Bahceschir Univ, Istanbul, TURKEYWOS: 000282002800141Primary school curriculums are restructured in 2005 in Turkey. Naturally, Social Studies curriculum is also got changed in this the process. Curriculums' content and organization of most courses are determined by the textbook. Therefore, changes in Social Studies curriculum is reflected to textbook. New social studies textbooks are different from previous textbooks both content and visually. Graphic illustrations have an important place in new textbooks. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of graphic illustrations in textbook by document analyses method. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved