Preparing for climate change: a research framework on the sediment - sharing systems of the Dutch, German and Danish Wadden Sea for the development of an adaptive strategy for flood safety

The report proposes a research framework which follows a learning-by-doing approach along the three research lines: monitoring & data analysis, system research & modelling and field experiments (pilots). All studies together will take several decades, partially due to the many questions, partially because studying changes in the system via the above-mentioned research lines takes time. Research programs developed on basis of this framework may focus on a part of the research issue

Monitoringplan Deltaprogramma Waddengebied : advies voor het toekostbestendig maken van het monitoringsysteem voor waterveilidheid in het Waddengebied

Het Waddengebied krijgt de komende eeuw te maken met klimaatverandering. Naarmate de zeespiegel verder stijgt, vraagt het intergetijdengebied van de Waddenzee meer zand en onttrekt dat naar verwachting aan de buitendelta’s en de eilandkusten. Het is dan de vraag of het meegroeivermogen van het gebied voldoende is om de zeespiegelstijging bij te houden

Ontwikkeling van eilandstaarten : geomorfologie, waterhuishouding en vegetatie

In deze rapportage worden de oostelijke, buitendijkse delen van de Nederlandse Waddeneilanden behandeld, de zgn. eilandstaarten. Wanneer deze volledig ontwikkeld zijn bestaat ze uit wadplaten, kwelders en duinen. Dit rapport behandelt de geomorfologie, waterhuishouding en vegetatie van eilandstaarten. De ontwikkeling van eilandstaarten is mede van belang voor de functie die ze hebben in de waterveiligheid

The formation of cupper transition nano-layer in polytetrafluoroethylene surface by means of ion beam assisting deposition

The deposition of Cu on polytetrafluoroethylene surface assisted by the Ar ion beam with the temperature of 1 keV is investigated numerically. Ar ions provide the kinematic mixing of Cu atoms and atoms of substrate forming the connecting 10 nm layer of mixed material. This layer can ensure a good adhesion of Cu films deposited on polytetrafluoroethylene.Осаждение медного покрытия на поверхность политетрафторэтилена, стимулированное пучком ионов аргона с температурой 1 кэВ, изучалось методами численного моделирования. Ионы аргона обеспечивали смешивание атомов меди и поверхности, что позволило сформировать переходной слой шириной 10 нм. Такой слой может обеспечить хорошие адгезионные свойства металлической пленки, осажденной на поверхность политетрафторэтилена.Осадження мідного покриття на поверхню політетрафторетилену, стимульоване пучком іонів аргону з температурою 1 кеВ, вивчалось методами чисельного моделювання. Іони аргону забезпечували змішування атомів міді і поверхні, що дозволило сформувати перехідний шар шириною 10 нм. Такий шар може забезпечити гарні адгезійні властивості металевої плівки, обложеної на поверхню політетрафторетилену

Guide-free Cas9 from pathogenic Campylobacter jejuni bacteria causes severe damage to DNA

CRISPR-Cas9 systems are enriched in human pathogenic bacteria and have been linked to cytotoxicity by an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that upon infection of human cells, Campylobacter jejuni secretes its Cas9 (CjeCas9) nuclease into their cytoplasm. Next, a native nuclear localization signal enables CjeCas9 nuclear entry, where it catalyzes metal-dependent nonspecific DNA cleavage leading to cell death. Compared to CjeCas9, native Cas9 of Streptococcus pyogenes (SpyCas9) is more suitable for guide-dependent editing. However, in human cells, native SpyCas9 may still cause some DNA damage, most likely because of its ssDNA cleavage activity. This side effect can be completely prevented by saturation of SpyCas9 with an appropriate guide RNA, which is only partially effective for CjeCas9. We conclude that CjeCas9 plays an active role in attacking human cells rather than in viral defense. Moreover, these unique catalytic features may therefore make CjeCas9 less suitable for genome editing applications

Dynamics and sedimentary developments of the Dutch Wadden Sea with a special emphasis on the Frisian Inlet : a study of the barrier islands, ebb-tidal deltas, inlets and drainage basins

The Wadden Sea, along the coasts of The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, forms one of the major nature reserves in western Europe and one of the major intertidal areas on Earth. Numerous observations are available from this highly dynamical area, collected over the many centuries that Man has been wrestling with the sea. The growing concern about the fate of the Dutch coast in the next century, when an increase of the rate of sea-level rise is expected, has recently triggered extensive interdisciplinary research on coastal dynamics. This offered the opportunity to study in detail the dynamics and development of the Dutch Wadden Sea system, especially of the Frisian Inlet. The central theme in this study is the detailed understanding, from a geologists' point of view, of the dynamics of the morphological and sedimentological development of the Dutch Wadden Sea on different temporal and spatial scales. Special attention was given to interactions and feedbacks between sedimentary processes, sedimentary deposits and morphological elements, in order to promote a more dynamic approach of fossil analogues

Morphological development of the rif and the Engelsmanplaat: An intertidal flat complex in the Frisian inlet, Dutch Wadden Sea

The Rif and the Engelsmanplaat form together a supra- to intertidal flat-complex at the fringe of the ebb-tidal delta and the back barrier area in the Frisian Inlet, located between the Dutch Wadden Sea Islands Ameland and Schiermonnikoog. The complex divides the Frisian Inlet into the Pinkegat Inlet in the west and the Zoutkamperlaag Inlet in the east. During the last decades the Engelsmanplaat has been suffering from serious erosion. This paper presents a study meant to find the causes for the recent erosion, especially to answer the question if the erosion is related to the human interferences in the area. The study is based on literature survey, data analysis and modelling of hydrodynamic processes. It is concluded that the recent erosion fits into the pseudo-cyclic development of the intertidal flat complex. However, the period of erosion may have been longer than normal and the rate of erosion may have been higher than normal. It is also concluded that such abnormal development is probably effects of the closure of the Lauwerszee in 1969 and not due to land subsidence caused by gas mining.Hydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience