Ali bin Isa al-Kahhal : pioneer in ophthalmology

This chapter investigates Ali bin Isa AI-Kahhal contribution to ophthalmology especially in eye disease. The main objective of this chapter is to emphasize the influence of AI-Kahhal theory and applications in ophthalmology. The importance of this chapter is to reveal the greatest contribution of Al Kahhal in ophthalmology. The methodology used in doing this chapter is library based research and most of data is collected from a medical journal which is from a reliable sourc

Seroprevalence of melioidosis in sheep and goats from selected small ruminant farms in Selangor, Malaysia

This study was designed to investigate the seroprevalence of Melioidosis in sheep and goats from selected small ruminant farms in Selangor, Malaysia. Blood samples (n=100) were collected each from sheep and goats using a random sampling technique from these farms. The serum samples were subjected to Melioidosis antibody screening using the Complement Fixation Test (CFT). The overall prevalence of Melioidosis among goats and sheep from these farms were 1% and 0%, respectively. It is concluded that although the prevalence of positive detection is low, there is need for further diagnostic surveillance as this singular case can be a potential reservoir for zoonotic infection

Single-route synthesis of binary metal oxide loaded coconut shell and watermelon rind biochar: Characterizations and cyclic voltammetry analysis

Generally, the type of biomass precursors is one of the key factors affecting the properties of synthesized biochar. This novel study therefore examined the single-route preparation of coconut shell and watermelon rind biochar with the combination of two types of binary metal oxide, iron nickel oxide (Fe2NiO4), and cobalt iron oxide (CoFe2O4) by employing a novel vacuum condition in an electric muffle furnace. The samples were characterized by several methods such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) Surface Area. The optimum pyrolysis temperature for producing a high surface area of 322.142 m2/g and 441.021 m2/g for coconut shell biochar and watermelon rind biochar, respectively, was recorded at 600 °C. FTIR analysis revealed lesser adsorption bands found in FTIR spectrum of the samples with higher pyrolysis temperature (500–700 °C). In addition, FESEM results also revealed the surface changes of the samples with the impregnation of CoFe2O44 and Fe2NiO4. Furthermore, the value added application of biochar in electrochemical energy storage has been explored in the present work. In typical three-electrode configuration, WR-BMO 600 exhibits about 152.09 Fg−1 with energy density about 19.01 Wh kg−1

Ternary magnetic biochar composite from Citrullus Lanatus rind for supercapacitor’s electrode

Metal oxides and conducting polymers are renowned as some of the promising materials for electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices, which include batteries, supercapacitors, and hybrid EES devices. This is due to their unique redox properties, significant theoretical capacitance, and environmentally benign nature. However, unsupported metal oxides and conducting polymer nanostructures suffer from particle aggregation, which decreases their electrochemical surface area. In recent years, the preparation of EES from renewable biomass has been developed taking into consideration the economic and environmental feasibility. Biochar is one of the major products of the thermochemical conversion of biomass. Applications of biochar for agricultural and environmental areas have been studied and reviewed extensively but biochar for energy storage materials has not been widely explored and examined. Therefore, the aim of this study is to convert the watermelon rind (WR) into magnetic biochar through a single-route self-purging pyrolysis method. Binary metal oxides (BMOs), such as nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), were impregnated in dried watermelon rind to incorporate metal ions into the magnetic biochar. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the magnetic watermelon rind biochar (MWRB) synthesis conditions (pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis time, and WR: BMO ratio). The optimised magnetic biochar was combined with polyaniline (PANI) to produce a ternary magnetic biochar composite with PANI (TC-MWRB/PANI) via in-situ polymerisation to further enhance its electrochemical performance. RSM was also implemented to determine the TC-MWRB/PANI synthesis conditions (PANI concentration, sonication time, and sonication amplitude). Characterisations were done through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Electrochemical evaluations were performed through cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The XRD and FTIR results confirmed the successful formation of MWRB and TC-MWRB/PANI. The FESEM images revealed the porous structure of MWRB and fibrous-look PANI embedded on the surface of TC-MWRB/PANI, while the EDX results showed their associated elemental composition. The electrochemical investigations revealed excellent electrochemical performance of the MWRB and TC-MWRB/PANI for energy storage applications. Based on the electrode specific capacity, the regressed model and experimental results for the fabricated MWRBNiFe2O4 and MWRBCoFe2O4 were determined to be 191 C g-1 and 187 C g-1 and 200.05 C g-1 and 200.96 C g-1, at 5 mV s-1, respectively. In addition, the electrode specific capacity based on the regressed model and experimental results for the fabricated TC-MWRBCoFe2O4/PANI were determined to be 488.22 C g-1 and 491.29 C g-1. A two-electrode configuration with TC-MWRBCoFe2O4/PANI as a positrode and watermelon rind biochar (WRB) as a negatrode was fabricated to form a hybrid device (supercapattery) that operated in a stable potential window of 1.5 V. The energy density and power density of the device measured at a current density of 4 A g-1 were estimated to be 22.45 Wh kg-1 and 833.19 W kg-1, respectively. The fabricated supercapattery showed excellent cyclability with 97.46% specific capacity retention after 5,000 cycles

The effects of initiator content on sago (metroxylon rottb.) starch-G-PAN hydrogel

This paper explores the effects of ammonium persulphate (S-PANHs) content (1wt % - 5 wt %) to the properties of sago starch-graft-polyacrylonitrile hydrogels (S-PANH). S-PANHs were prepared via graft copolymerization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) onto sago starch in the presence of ammonium persulphate (APS) as initiator and N, N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker. The percentage of water absorbency is observed to increase with increasing initiator content from 1wt% until reaching optimum point of 3 wt% APS. 48.78 % water absorbency was recorded at 3 wt% APS sample. The morphology of the hydrogels from the micrographs captured via scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed the existence of pores and matching with the results of percentage water absorbency. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy proved that the grafting process had occurred in S-PANH