Employers' and Employees' Understanding of Occupational Health and Safety Risks in Small Businesses: A Case Study

Many small businesses have hazardous work environments and exposures to significant occupational health and safety risks. Differences in understanding of risks by employers and employees are one of the factors leading to the hazardous work environment and risk exposures in small businesses. Employees generally describe “the tools of the trade” as the sources of risks of accidents and injuries, whereas employers generally identify “bad employees” or “bad luck” as the cause of accidents. It seems that employer and employees having the same or a shared understanding of occupational health and safety problems, their causal relations and the course of action is essential to remedy the work environment problems in the workplace. This paper describes a study that explores owner/managers’ and employees’ understandings of occupational health and safety risks in small business workplaces within the framework of the Local Theory of Work Environment. A case study of an independently operated restaurant and café in New Zealand employing 6­19 employees was undertaken.. Data was collected using participant­as­observer ethnographic observation of the workplace followed by semi structured interviews of the owner, a manager and more than fifty per cent of employees employed in the business. Preliminary findings based on interview data are reported in this paper. The results suggest that the owner/manager and employees mainly consider physical safety problems experienced by employees or food safety problems affecting the customers as the key work environment problems. The owner/manager and employees generally link common sense and breach of norms with the causal relation behind these problems. Social exchange and external certification, among others, are found to be prominent reasons for bringing to attention the perceived problems in the wider work environment context. Implicit individual element of action and explicit organizational element of action are recognised as the two courses of action remedying the occupational health and safety problems. Further studies can be directed at finding how a shared understanding of the OHS risks occurs and what influences this process

Outside-in disk evolution in the LMC

From the analysis of the color-magnitude diagrams and color functions of four wide LMC fields located from ~2 to 6 kpc from the kinematic center of the LMC we present evidence that, while the oldest population is coeval in all fields, the age of the youngest component of the dominant stellar population gradually increases with galactocentric distance, from currently active star formation in a field at 2.3 deg, to 100 Myr, 0.8 Gyr, and 1.5 Gyr in fields at 4.0 deg, 5.5 deg, and 7.1 deg, respectively. This outside-in quenching of the star formation in the LMC disk is correlated with the decreasing HI column density (which is < 2x 10^{20} cm^{-2} in the two outermost fields with little or no current star formation. Other work in the literature hints at similar behavior in the stellar populations of irregular galaxies, and in M33. This is observational evidence against the inside-out disk formation scenario in low-mass spirals and irregular galaxies. Alternatively, it could be that the age distribution with radius results from interplay between the evolution with time of the star-forming area of the LMC and the subsequent outward migration of the stars.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, ApJ Letters, in pres

CYP83B1 Is the Oxime-metabolizing Enzyme in the Glucosinolate Pathway in \u3ci\u3eArabidopsis\u3c/i\u3e

CYP83B1 from Arabidopsis thaliana has been identified as the oxime-metabolizing enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of glucosinolates. Biosynthetically active microsomes isolated from Sinapis alba converted p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime and cysteine into S-alkylated p-hydroxyphenylacetothiohydroximate, S-(p-hydroxyphenylacetohydroximoyl)-L-cysteine, the next proposed intermediate in the glucosinolate pathway. The production was shown to be dependent on a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. We searched the genome of A. thaliana for homologues of CYP71E1 (P450ox), the only known oxime-metabolizing enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of the evolutionarily related cyanogenic glucosides. By a combined use of bioinformatics, published expression data, and knock-out phenotypes, we identified the cytochrome P450 CYP83B1 as the oxime-metabolizing enzyme in the glucosinolate pathway as evidenced by characterization of the recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the oxime-metabolizing enzyme in the cyanogenic pathway (P450ox) was mutated into a “P450mox” that converted oximes into toxic compounds that the plant detoxified into glucosinolates

Colorectal cancer-associated SNP rs17042479 is involved in the regulation of NAF1 promoter activity

A novel risk locus at 4q32.2, located between the Nuclear Assembly Factor 1 (NAF1) and Follistatin Like 5 (FSTL5) genes, was associated with increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), with SNP rs17042479 being the most associated. However, the link between CRC development and the risk locus at 4q32.2 is unknown. We investigated the promoter activity of NAF1 and FSTL5 and analyzed the risk locus at 4q32.2 as gene regulatory region. Our results showed that the activity of the FSTL5 promoter was low compared to the NAF1 promoter. Analyses of the NAF1 promoter in conjunction with the region containing the risk locus at 4q32.2 showed that the region functions as gene regulatory region with repressor activity on NAF1 promoter activity. The SNP rs17042479(G) increased the repressor effect of the region. CRC patients’ biopsies were genotyped for SNP rs17042479(A/G), and NAF1 expression profiles were examined. We found an association between SNP rs17042479(G), cancer stage and tumor location. Additionally, patients with SNP rs17042479(G) showed lower NAF1 expression in comparison to patients with SNP rs17042479(A) in tumor tissue and the NAF1 expression in tumor tissue was lower compared to healthy tissue. The results in the study imply that reduced NAF1 expression in the tumor contribute to a more aggressive phenotype. Furthermore, this study suggests that the SNP rs17042479(G) change the expression of NAF1 and thereby increases the risk of developing CRC

Lightcurves of Type Ia Supernovae from Near the Time of Explosion

We present a set of 11 type Ia supernova (SN Ia) lightcurves with dense, pre-maximum sampling. These supernovae (SNe), in galaxies behind the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), were discovered by the SuperMACHO survey. The SNe span a redshift range of z = 0.11 - 0.35. Our lightcurves contain some of the earliest pre-maximum observations of SNe Ia to date. We also give a functional model that describes the SN Ia lightcurve shape (in our VR-band). Our function uses the "expanding fireball" model of Goldhaber et al. (1998) to describe the rising lightcurve immediately after explosion but constrains it to smoothly join the remainder of the lightcurve. We fit this model to a composite observed VR-band lightcurve of three SNe between redshifts of 0.135 to 0.165. These SNe have not been K-corrected or adjusted to account for reddening. In this redshift range, the observed VR-band most closely matches the rest frame V-band. Using the best fit to our functional description of the lightcurve, we find the time between explosion and observed VR-band maximum to be 17.6+-1.3(stat)+-0.07(sys) rest-frame days for a SN Ia with a VR-band Delta m_{-10} of 0.52mag. For the redshifts sampled, the observed VR-band time-of-maximum brightness should be the same as the rest-frame V-band maximum to within 1.1 rest-frame days.Comment: 35 pages, 18 figures, 15 tables; Higher quality PDF available at http://ctiokw.ctio.noao.edu/~sm/sm/SNrise/index.html; AJ accepte