The mechanism of CSR beliefs dissemination : from idea to institution or vice versa

The focus of this paper is the mechanism of ideology dissemination. It explains how ideology emerges from ideas and through shared beliefs develops to be expressed in recurring actions. Ideologies and institutions constitute an II-system, where ideas and rules interact mutually as form and substance. The paper tackles the question whether shared beliefs can be disseminated through the institutional export, whether it is needed to export ideologies hot on the heels of institutions. Through logical modeling, game theory application and Sustainability/CSR example we illustrate the inverse mechanism of beliefs dissemination and substantiate the worth wiliness of institutions ideologization.peer-reviewe

Measles in the city. Main particularities of the epidemic process in different strategies for prevention and control of the situation in modern conditions

Departmentul de epidemiologie, Universitatea de Stat de Medicină din Ural, Ekaterinburg, Federaţia Rusă, Departmentul de limbi străine, Universitatea de Stat de Medicină din Ural, Ekaterinburg, Federaţia Rusă, Centrul metodologic ştiinţific pentru infecţii asociate asistenţei medicale din Ural şi Siberia, Institutul de Cercetare în Infecţii Virale din Ekaterinburg al Rospotrebnadzor, Ekaterinburg, Federaţia Rusă, UMMC-Health LTD, Ekaterinburg, Federaţia Rusă, Departamentul de Supraveghere Epidemiologică, Directoratul Rospotrebnadzor în regiunea Sverdlovsk, Ekaterinburg, Federaţia Rusă, Catedra de epidemiologie,Universitatea de Stat de Medicină şi Farmacie „Nicolae Testemiţanu”, Chişinău, Republica MoldovaRezumat. Introducere. Rujeola ramâne a fi actuală în legătură cu înregistrarea în condiţiile actuale a erupţiilor în diferite teritorii. Scopul cercetării a fost de a caracteriza procesul epidemic în rujeolă pe modelul unui oraş mare industrial, în condiţiile aplicării diferitor strategii de vaccinare, pentru a adopta noi decizii administrative privind controlul infecţiiei la etapa eliminării acesteia. Material şi metode. Cercetarea se bazează pe datele rapoartelor statistice privind morbiditatea prin rujeolă în oraşul Ekaterinburg, perioada anilor 1950-2016. Manifestările procesului epidemic au fost studiate cu referire la şase perioade: perioada prevaccinală (1950-1961), perioada de vaccinare selectivă (1962-1965), vaccinarea planificată a copiilor cu vârsta de până la 8 ani (1966-1972), vaccinarea copiilor cu vârsta de până la 14 ani (1973-1986), introducerea revaccinării planificate a copiilor (1987-2001) şi perioada de vaccinoprofilaxie planificată la etapa de eliminare a infecţiei (2002-2016). Rezultate. În perioada prevaccinală, morbiditatea medie anuală prin rujeolă a constituit 1381,7±162,90/0000. Creşterea sezonieră a morbidităţii a fost înregistrată în perioada decembriemai, cu predominarea copiilor în structura grupurilor de vârstă. În perioada de imunizare selectivă, a avut loc o uşoară scădere a morbidităţii, până la 1082,8±189,10/0000. Dinamica anuală şi distribuţia pe grupele de vârstă a cazurilor de rujeolă a fost similară perioadei prevaccinală. În perioada vaccinării de rutină a copiilor cu vârsta de până la 8 ani, s-a determinat o scădere semnificativă a morbidităţii prin rujeolă până la nivelul de 219,8±110,80/0000, observat în toate grupele de vârstă, cu excepţia copiilor în vârstă de 10-14 ani şi a adulţilor. Manifestările sezoniere ale procesului epidemic sunt similare cu perioadele anterioare. În perioada vaccinării de rutină a copiilor cu vârsta de până la 14 ani, a fost înregistrată o scădere suplimentară a morbidităţii până la 89,9±39,10/0000. Introducerea celei de-a doua vaccinări la copiii cu vârsta de 6 ani înainte de şcoală a permis atingerea nivelului sporadic de morbiditate şi modificarea parametrilor de manifestare ale procesul epidemic, caracteristic în perioadele anterioare. Cu toate acestea, în anul 2016 au fost raportate erupţii de rujeolă, în care au fost afectate 72 de persoane. Erupţia a fost cauzată de importul şi răspândirea virusului rujeolic al genotipului D8 în instituţiile medicale, înregistrat în rândul copiilor nevaccinaţi şi al adulţilor. Concluzie. La etapa actuală, pentru a controla procesul epidemic în rujeolă, este necesar de a redefini criteriile de evaluare a siguranţei epidemiologice a teritoriului în ceea ce priveşte extinderea indicaţiilor pentru screeningul pacienţilor cu erupţii cutanate, la prezenţa anticorpilor împotriva rujeolei, controlul strict al imunizării la timp a contingentului decretat (copiii cu vârsta de 1 an şi 6 ani) şi introducerea revaccinării planice a persoanelor cu vârsta sub 50 de ani, la fiecare 10 ani.Abstract. Introduction. Measles infection is still relevant in connection with the registration of the outbreaks of this disease in different territories. The purpose of the research was to characterize the epidemic process of measles in a large industrial city in terms of different strategies for its vaccination, in order to adopt new administrative decisions on infection control at the stage of its elimination. Material and methods. The research is based on data of statistical reports on the incidence of measles in Yekaterinburg from 1950 to 2016. The manifestations of the epidemic process were analyzed for six periods: the period before vaccination (1950-1961), the period of selective immunization (1962-1965), routine vaccination of children up to 8 years (1966-1972), routine vaccination of children up to 14 years (1973-1986), the introduction of mass revaccination of children (1987-2001) and the period of the generalized vaccination at the stage of elimination of the infection (2002-2016). Results. In the period before vaccination the mean annual incidence was 1381.7±162.90/0000, the seasonal rise of incidence was in December-May, children prevailed in the structure of the age groups. In the period of selective immunization there was a slight decline in the incidence to 1082.8±189.10/0000, the dynamics within the year and the age distribution of cases was similar to the period before vaccination. During vaccination of children up to 8 years there was significant decrease in morbidity to the level of 219.8±110.80/0000, which was observed in almost all age groups except for children aged 10-14 years and adults. Seasonal manifestations of the epidemic process were similar to the previous periods. During vaccination of children up to 14 years there was a further decrease in the incidence to 89.9±39.10/0000, but in some years, the outbreaks of the infection were reported. The introduction of the second vaccination to children aged 6 years before school allowed to achieve the sporadic incidence and to change the basic parameters describing the epidemic process in all previous periods. However, against this background, a measles outbreak was reported in 2016 when 72 people were affected. The outbreak was caused by introduction and spread of measles virus of genotype D8 mainly in the medical settings among unvaccinated children and adults. Conclusion. At the present stage, in order to control the epidemic process of measles, it is necessary to redefine the criteria for the evaluation of epidemiological safety of the territory in terms of expansion of indications for screening for antibodies to measles among patients with exanthema, strict control of timeliness of immunization of the decreed population (children aged 1 year and 6 years) and the introduction of routine revaccination of persons under the age of 50 years every 10 years

Influence of particles on the functional properties of single crystals of high-strength ferromagnetic alloys

Single crystals of the ordered ferromagnetic Co49Ni21Ga30 (at.%) alloy with B2-L10 martensitic transformation and of the disordered iron-based Fe41Ni28Co17Al11.5X2.5 (X=Ta, Ti) (at.%) alloys, which undergo thermoelastic γ-a' martensitic transformations, were studied in terms of the influence of chemical composition, size and volume fraction of the dispersed γ'- phase particles on functional properties – shape memory effect and superelasticity. Single crystals of Co49Ni21Ga30 alloy showed that the precipitation of nanometric γ'-phase particles changes the martensitic transformation characteristic temperature, reduces the value of the shape memory effect and superelasticity, increases thermal and stress hysteresis, and leads to hardening of the high temperature phase, which promotes superelasticity at a wide temperature range and at high temperatures at T>373K compared with the crystals without particles. Single crystals of FeNiCoAlX (X=Ta, Ti) alloys have experimentally demonstrated that the precipitation of ordered γ'-phase particles at a size of d=5-10 nm during aging at T=973 K, 3 h, leads to the occurrence of the shape memory effect and superelasticity

Key areas of modern research of the joint consumption economy

That paper is motivated by the fact that the development of a joint consumption economy is one of the most significant trends in the modern economy. The object of the study is an array of publications indexed in Scopus and devoted to the analysis of the patterns of development a joint consumption economy (sharing economy) for the period from 2000 to 2019. The study shows a dynamic growth of the number of the publications describing the impact of new digital technologies and digital on-line technological platforms based on the Internet on fundamental changes in the field of individual consumption of households. The analysis of the content of publications of Russian and foreign authors indexed in Scopus database and Russian national bibliographic database (2000-2019) allowed the authors to identify at least the six key areas of modern research of a joint consumption economy. The paper considers each of the six key areas of a joint consumption economy. Authors has predicted the emergence of new areas of research of a joint consumption economy as new trends emerge in the field of individual consumption of modern households in the context of the constant progress of digital technologies

Development of the export potential of Russian education in the modern strategic discourse

The article considers approaches to the strategies of educational export development in the Russian Federation in terms of its value for implementation of national economic, cultural and international policies. Two projects have been identified as having the status of official documents regulating the activities of government agencies. These documents are analyzed through the prism of their objectives, dynamics of the estimated foreign students’ flow, funding, implementation steps. The conclusion is made on inconsistency of educational export strategic planning, as well as on the activities of its elimination

Satisfaction of the international students with the content of master’s programs in the field of the management at metropolitan university

That paper is motivated by the fact that the development of export potential of higher education is one of the most significant trends in the modern world educational space. The main form of export higher education in Russia is the training of the international students at local universities. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of foreign citizens studying at Russian universities. However, in order to attract young people from foreign countries, it is important to identify the level of satisfaction of university students with the content of educational programmes, primarily at the master’s programs. The study shows the need to strengthen the practical orientation of programs and focus on the individual needs of certain groups of international students, taking into account their future careers and socio-cultural practices in the country in which university graduates are going to work in the position of manager

Hypoxia and Intestinal Inflammation: Common Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways

The gastrointestinal tract (GI) has a unique oxygenation profile. It should be noted that the state of hypoxia can be characteristic of both normal and pathological conditions. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) play a key role in mediating the response to hypoxia, and they are tightly regulated by a group of enzymes called HIF prolyl hydroxylases (PHD). In this review, we discuss the involvement of inflammation hypoxia and signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and elaborate in detail on the role of HIF in multiple immune reactions during intestinal inflammation. We emphasize the critical influence of tissue microenvironment and highlight the existence of overlapping functions and immune responses mediated by the same molecular mechanisms. Finally, we also provide an update on the development of corresponding therapeutic approaches that would be useful for treatment or prophylaxis of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Crosstalk between Histamine, Immunity, and Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasingly recognized as a serious, worldwide public health concern. It is generally acknowledged that a variety of factors play a role in the pathogenesis of this group of chronic inflammatory diseases. The diversity of molecular actors involved in IBD does not allow us to fully assess the causal relationships existing in such interactions. Given the high immunomodulatory activity of histamine and the complex immune-mediated nature of inflammatory bowel disease, the role of histamine and its receptors in the gut may be significant. This paper has been prepared to provide a schematic of the most important and possible molecular signaling pathways related to histamine and its receptors and to assess their relevance for the development of therapeutic approaches

The impact of the digital technological platforms on the institutional system of the higher education during the COVID 19 pandemic

The article is devoted to the assessment of the impact of the digital technological platforms on the higher education in the new conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic. The modern literature presents the various approaches to the analysis of the current situation in the higher education. The novelty of the authors ’ approach is that the institutional system of the higher education is analyzed from the standpoint of the theories of new institutionalism. The authors considered the institutional system of the higher education as a four-level system. The article presents assessing the impact of the digital technological platforms on the first level of the institutional system of the higher education, which is represented by deeply rooted informal institutions (values, traditions, customs, unwritten norms and rules, and more). Assessing the impact of the digital technological platforms on other levels of the institutional system of the higher education requires the additional prospective research