Matkalla sukupuoleen? : Autokoululaisten käsitykset autoilijoiden ominaisuuksien, liikennetekojen ja ajotyylien feminiinisyydestä, yleisinhimillisyydestä ja maskuliinisuudesta

Only abstract. Paper copies of master’s theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of master’s theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library.Vain tiivistelmä. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnäytekioskeilla.Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet på nätet eller endast tillgängliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler.Pro gradu -tutkielmassani tutkin 17-27-vuotiaiden (N = 149) autokoululaisten käsityksiä siitä, mitkä liikenneteot, ajotyylit ja ominaisuudet ovat feminiinisiä, yleisinhimillisiä tai maskuliinisia. Opinnäytetyöni aineiston olen kerännyt lomakekyselynä Helsingin ja Tampereen alueen autokoulujen asiakkailta. Luokittelutehtävää suunnitellessani sovelsin Sandra L. Bemin (1974) BSRI-mittaria (Bems Sex Role Inventory). Itsearvioinnin sijaan tehtävänä oli autoilijoiden, liikennetekojen ja ominaisuuksien arvioiminen. Pro gradu -tutkielmassani keskityn sukupuolistereotypioiden sisällön tutkimiseen. Kuten mittarin kehittäjä Sandra L. Bem (1993, 119-125) on todennut, kuvastavat alkuperäisessä BSRI-mittarissa olevat ominaisuudet läntisissä teollisuusmaissa vallalla olevia näkemyksiä feminiinisyyksistä ja maskuliinisuuksista. Näistä näkemyksistä koostuvat myös autoilijoihin liitettävät sukupuolistereotypiat. Sosiaalipsykologisessa tutkimuksessa on osoitettu stereotypioiden olevan usein tilannesidonnaista tai tilanteen raamittamaa (Operario & Fiske, 2001). Näistä syistä johtuen yhdistin BSRI-mittarista johdettuihin osioihin liikenneviitekehyksen. Tutkielmani teoreettinen viitekehys kumpuaa stereotypiatutkimuksesta. Sosiaalisen identiteetin ja itsekategorisaation teorioiden lisäksi viittaan kriittisen sukupuolitutkimuksen teorioihin ja tutkimuksen piirissä käytyihin teoreettisiin keskusteluihin. Tutkimuskysymykseni nousevat tästä teoriataustasta: tutkielmassani mielenkiintoni kohdistuu siihen, miten naisten ja miesten luokittelut eroavat toisistaan ja missä suhteessa yhtenevät, onko luokitteluista muodostettavissa kokonaisuuksia, toistavatko luokittelut alkuperäisen BSRI-mittarin luokitteluja ja voidaanko luokittelujen perusteella tehdä johtopäätöksiä sisäryhmän suosimisesta? Opinnäytetyöni aineiston analyysin tuloksista kävi ilmi, että ne teot ja ominaisuudet, joiden suhteen vastaajien enemmistössä vallitsi jaettu käsitys (eli konsensus-muuttujat), olivat pääasiassa joko maskuliinisia (12 osiota) tai yleisinhimillisiä (13 osiota). Feminiinisiksi luokitteli yli 50 % sekä miehistä että naisista vain kuusi osiota. Vastausten enemmistön feminiinisyys ja maskuliinisuus -luokitteluissa oli BSRI-mittarista johdettuja ja alkuperäistä luokittelua toistavia osioita yhteensä seitsemän kappaletta. Naisten ja miesten vastausjakaumat erosivat toisistaan tilastollisesti merkitsevästi lukuisten osioiden suhteen. Erot korostuivat feminiinisyyden ja maskuliinisuuden luokittelussa. Tulosten perusteella on mahdollista väittää, että sekä miehillä että naisilla esiintyy sisäryhmän suosimista. Vastausjakaumien suhteellisten osuuksien hajonta viittaa myös erottautumisen tarpeeseen liittämällä sisäryhmään niin negatiivisia kuin positiivisia ominaisuuksia

The Val66Met polymorphism in the BDNF gene is associated with epilepsy in fragile X syndrome

The Val66Met polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene may modulate the epilepsy phenotype. We investigated the impact of polymorphisms in the BDNF gene on clinical features in fragile X syndrome (FXS). In our study sample, the Met66 allele associated with epilepsy of finnish FXS men. Abnormalities in BDNF-mediated plasticity are shown in FXS and the present data suggest that the Met66 allele might predispose FXS mates to epilepsy. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.The Val66Met polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene may modulate the epilepsy phenotype. We investigated the impact of polymorphisms in the BDNF gene on clinical features in fragile X syndrome (FXS). In our study sample, the Met66 allele associated with epilepsy of finnish FXS men. Abnormalities in BDNF-mediated plasticity are shown in FXS and the present data suggest that the Met66 allele might predispose FXS mates to epilepsy. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.The Val66Met polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene may modulate the epilepsy phenotype. We investigated the impact of polymorphisms in the BDNF gene on clinical features in fragile X syndrome (FXS). In our study sample, the Met66 allele associated with epilepsy of finnish FXS men. Abnormalities in BDNF-mediated plasticity are shown in FXS and the present data suggest that the Met66 allele might predispose FXS mates to epilepsy. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Combining biological therapies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease : a Finnish multi-centre study

Background and aims Therapy with two concomitant biologicals targeting different inflammatory pathways has emerged as a new therapy option for treatment refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Data on the efficacy and safety of dual biological therapy (DBT) are scarce and are investigated in this study. Materials and methods Data on all patients treated with a combination of two biologicals in four Finnish tertiary centres were collected and analysed. Remission was assessed by a physician on the basis of biomarkers, endoscopic evaluation and alleviation of symptoms. Results A total of 16 patients with 22 trials of DBT were included. Fifteen patients had Crohn's disease. The most common combination of DBT was adalimumab (ADA) and ustekinumab (USTE; 36%) with median follow-up of nine months (range 2-31). Altogether seven (32%) patients were in remission at the end of follow-up and in two trials response to DBT was assessed to be partial with the relief of patient symptoms. In a total of four trials DBT reduced the need for corticosteroids. The majority of patients achieving a response to DBT were treated with the combination of ADA and USTE (56%). At the end of follow-up all nine (41%) patients responding to DBT continued treatment. Infection complications occurred in three patients (19%). Conclusion DBT is a promising alternative treatment for refractory IBD, and half of our patients benefitted from it. More data on the efficacy and safety of DBT are needed especially in long-term follow up.Peer reviewe

Long-term outcomes of patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis treated with cyclosporine rescue therapy

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The early outcomes of ulcerative colitis (UC) after rescue therapy with cyclosporine A (CyA) are well known. Published data on the safety of this treatment in perioperative use and data on the long-term prognosis are scarce and are investigated here. METHODS: All UC patients treated with CyA in Tampere University Hospital between 2009 and 2018 were reviewed from patient records. RESULTS: A total of 182 patients were included with the median follow-up of 3.8 (range 0-13) years. Of all patients, 139 (76%) responded to CyA. A quarter of the responders achieved long-term remission and used thiopurines as maintenance therapy at the end of follow-up. Altogether 83 (46%) needed further enhancement of treatment with corticosteroids (Cs) and 57 (31%) with biologicals or small molecules. Of the nonresponders 27 (55%) were treated surgically within admission to index flare. Infliximab was used as a third-line rescue therapy for 16 patients of whom four benefitted. The overall colectomy rate in this series was 45%. When compared to Cs alone CyA did not increase the risk for severe postoperative complications in patients treated for severe treatment-refractory UC. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, despite the good initial response to CyA, a large proportion of patients relapsed during long-term follow-up and the colectomy rates remain high. Other therapy attempts after failure of CyA merely postpone surgery in many. We therefore recommend informing patients about the possibility of surgery prior to the initiation of rescue therapy.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Combining biological therapies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a Finnish multi-centre study

Background and aims: Therapy with two concomitant biologicals targeting different inflammatory pathways has emerged as a new therapy option for treatment refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Data on the efficacy and safety of dual biological therapy (DBT) are scarce and are investigated in this study.Materials and methods: Data on all patients treated with a combination of two biologicals in four Finnish tertiary centres were collected and analysed. Remission was assessed by a physician on the basis of biomarkers, endoscopic evaluation and alleviation of symptoms.Results: A total of 16 patients with 22 trials of DBT were included. Fifteen patients had Crohn's disease. The most common combination of DBT was adalimumab (ADA) and ustekinumab (USTE; 36%) with median follow-up of nine months (range 2-31). Altogether seven (32%) patients were in remission at the end of follow-up and in two trials response to DBT was assessed to be partial with the relief of patient symptoms. In a total of four trials DBT reduced the need for corticosteroids. The majority of patients achieving a response to DBT were treated with the combination of ADA and USTE (56%). At the end of follow-up all nine (41%) patients responding to DBT continued treatment. Infection complications occurred in three patients (19%).Conclusion: DBT is a promising alternative treatment for refractory IBD, and half of our patients benefitted from it. More data on the efficacy and safety of DBT are needed especially in long-term follow up.</p

Finnish Version of the Eating Assessment Tool (F-EAT-10) : A Valid and Reliable Patient-reported Outcome Measure for Dysphagia Evaluation

Our aim was to validate a Finnish version of the Eating Assessment Tool (F-EAT-10) for clinical use and to test its reliability and validity in a multicenter nationwide study. Normative data were acquired from 180 non-dysphagic participants (median age 57.0 years, 62.2% female). Dysphagia patients (n = 117, median age 69.7 years, 53.0% female) referred to fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) completed F-EAT-10 before the examination and after 2 weeks. Patients underwent the 100-ml water swallow test (WST) and FEES was evaluated using the following three scales: the Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale, Penetration-Aspiration Scale, and the Dysphagia Outcome Severity Scale. An operative cohort of 19 patients (median age 75.8 years, 57.9% female) underwent an endoscopic operation on Zenker's diverticulum, tight cricopharyngeal muscle diagnosed in videofluorography, or both. Patients completed the F-EAT-10 preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. The cut-off score for controls was = 3 is abnormal. Re-questionnaires for test-retest reliability analysis were available from 92 FEES patients and 123 controls. The intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent for the total F-EAT-10 score (0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.91-0.95). Pearson correlation coefficients were strong (p < 0.001) for each of the questions and the total score. Internal consistency as assessed by Cronbach's alpha was excellent (0.95). Some correlations between findings in FEES and 100-ml WST with F-EAT-10 were observed. The change in subjective symptoms of operative patients paralleled the change in F-EAT-10. F-EAT-10 is a reliable, valid, and symptom-specific patient-reported outcome measure for assessing dysphagia among Finnish speakers.Peer reviewe

Gluten Challenge Induces Skin and Small Bowel Relapse in Long-Term Gluten-Free Diet-Treated Dermatitis Herpetiformis

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is an extraintestinal manifestation of celiac disease causing an itchy, blistering rash. Granular IgA deposits in the skin are pathognomonic for DH, and the treatment of choice is a lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD). Preliminary evidence suggests that there are patients with DH who redevelop gluten tolerance after adherence to a GFD treatment. To evaluate this, we performed a 12-month gluten challenge with skin and small-bowel mucosal biopsy samples in 19 patients with DH who had adhered to a GFD for a mean of 23 years. Prechallenge biopsy was negative for skin IgA and transglutaminase 3 deposits in 16 patients (84%) and indicated normal villous height-to-crypt depth ratios in the small bowel mucosa in all 19 patients. The gluten challenge caused a relapse of the rash in 15 patients (79%) in a mean of 5.6 months; of these 15 patients, 13 had skin IgA and transglutaminase 3 deposits, and 12 had small-bowel villous atrophy. In addition, three patients without rash or immune deposits in the skin developed villous atrophy, whereas one patient persisted without any signs of relapse. In conclusion, 95% of the patients with DH were unable to tolerate gluten even after long-term adherence to a GFD. Therefore, lifelong GFD treatment remains justified in all patients with DH.Peer reviewe

Finnish Version of the Eating Assessment Tool (F-EAT-10): A Valid and Reliable Patient-reported Outcome Measure for Dysphagia Evaluation

Our aim was to validate a Finnish version of the Eating Assessment Tool (F-EAT-10) for clinical use and to test its reliability and validity in a multicenter nationwide study. Normative data were acquired from 180 non-dysphagic participants (median age 57.0 years, 62.2% female). Dysphagia patients (n = 117, median age 69.7 years, 53.0% female) referred to fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) completed F-EAT-10 before the examination and after 2 weeks. Patients underwent the 100-ml water swallow test (WST) and FEES was evaluated using the following three scales: the Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale, Penetration-Aspiration Scale, and the Dysphagia Outcome Severity Scale. An operative cohort of 19 patients (median age 75.8 years, 57.9% female) underwent an endoscopic operation on Zenker's diverticulum, tight cricopharyngeal muscle diagnosed in videofluorography, or both. Patients completed the F-EAT-10 preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. The cut-off score for controls was = 3 is abnormal. Re-questionnaires for test-retest reliability analysis were available from 92 FEES patients and 123 controls. The intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent for the total F-EAT-10 score (0.93, 95% confidence interval 0.91-0.95). Pearson correlation coefficients were strong (p < 0.001) for each of the questions and the total score. Internal consistency as assessed by Cronbach's alpha was excellent (0.95). Some correlations between findings in FEES and 100-ml WST with F-EAT-10 were observed. The change in subjective symptoms of operative patients paralleled the change in F-EAT-10. F-EAT-10 is a reliable, valid, and symptom-specific patient-reported outcome measure for assessing dysphagia among Finnish speakers

Toiminnanohjausjärjestelmä hevostalliyrittäjille : tarvekartoitus ja määrittely

Hevostalous ja sen ympärille keskittynyt yritystoiminta on ollut tasaisessa kasvussa 2000-luvun alusta lähtien ja se mahdollistaa harrastamisen laajalle ihmisryhmälle. Suomessa oli vuonna 2013 yli 16 000 tallia ja ne työllistivät noin 15 000 ihmistä ja vuosittain syntyy satoja uusia yrityksiä. Hevostalouden laajuudesta huolimatta hevosalalle ja nimenomaan talliyrittäjille suunniteltuja tietojärjestelmiä ei ole vielä juuri olemassa, vaikka sille alan erityispiirteet huomioon ottaen on tarvetta. Toimeksianto opinnäytteelle tuli Kulta-ahon ratsutilan omistajalta, Irina Kokolta. Opinnäytteen tarkoituksena oli ensin selvittää yleisesti hevostalliyrittäjille räätälöidyn järjestelmän tarvetta ja hankitun tiedon perusteella suunnitella järjestelmän ominaisuudet. Tarvekartoitus suoritettiin koko maan kattavalla hevosalan yrittäjille suunnatulla verkkokyselyllä. Lähteinä opinnäytetyössä käytettiin laajalti alan tutkimuksia ja muita selvityksiä, joiden pohjalta hahmotettiin hevosyrittäjyyteen liittyviä erityispiirteitä. Kyselyssä saatujen vastausten perusteella hevostalliyrittäjille räätälöidylle tietojärjestelmälle, jolla voidaan hallinnoida yritystoimintaa, on todellinen tarve ja kysyntä. Tarkka järjestelmäsuunnittelu ei sisältynyt opinnäytetyöhön. Opinnäytetyön tuloksena suunniteltiin lähtökohdat, joiden pohjalta on mahdollista suunnitella ja toteuttaa tietojärjestelmä.Horse industry and the business centered around it has been growing steadily since the early 2000s, and provides a hobby for a wide group of people. There were more than 16 000 stables in Finland in 2013 and they employed about 15 000 people and every year there are hundreds of new businesses born. Despite the scale of the equine industry today, information systems specifically designed for stables entrepreneurs do not yet exist. The assignment for the thesis was given by Gold Meadow’s farm owner Irina Kokko. Purpose of the thesis was to generally study the need for the tailor-made system for horse stable entrepreneurs and the acquired features of the system. Needs assessment was carried out through an online survey. Researches and other studies were widely used as sources and outlined the basis of the special features related to equine entrepreneurship. The survey revealed that there is a real need and demand for information system tailored for the horse stables entrepreneurs. The system design was not included in the thesis but it is possible to design and implement information system based for the results of this study