Syria: Prospects for Reform

The University Archives has determined that this item is of continuing value to OSU's history.Ellen Lust-Okar is one of a few scholars who have examined the prospects for political reform and democratization in Syria. Given the delicate stability of Syria's authoritarian regime and the weakness of the political opposition in the country, Lust-Okar believes that the prospects for democratization in Syria are dim. However, she argues, it would be counterproductive for the United States to push for regime change in Syria, in part because of the difficulty and instability encountered in trying to establish democracy in Iraq.Ohio State University. Mershon Center for International Security StudiesEvent webpag

Ocak 2013 - Nisan 2018 yılları arasında servikal biyopsi yapılan hastaların smear ve patoloji sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi

Çalışmamızda servikal biyopsi yapılan hastaların pap smear sonuçları ile patoloji sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması ve bu testler arasındaki korelasyonun araştırılması amaçlandı. Çalışmaya 1 Ocak 2013 ile 1 Nisan 2018 tarihleri arasında Trakya Üniversitesi Sağlık ve Araştırma Merkezi Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Kliniği’ne başvuran ve muayenesi sonrası servikal örnekleme yapılan 623 olgu dahil edildi. Bu olguların gravida, parite ve yaş gibi verilerine ek olarak servikal smear, servikal biyopsi ve varsa operasyon patoloji sonuçları toplanarak veriler kaydedildi. İstatistiksel analiz SPSS 20.0 paket programında hesaplandı. Sonuçlar karşılaştırılıp anlamlı fark olup olmamasına göre rapor edildi. Olguların %55,4’sinde anormal smear, %27,1’inde anormal patoloji sonucu elde edildi. Hastaların ortalama gravidaları 3 ve pariteleri 2 olarak bulundu. Yaş ortalaması 46,2 ± 4,32 yıl olarak tespit edildi. HPV pozitif olgularda yaş ortalaması daha küçük olarak bulundu. Olguların smear sonuçlarının %43,6'sı ve biyopsi sonuçlarının %23,9’u enfeksiyon olarak yorumlandı. Olguların %37,3’ü ASCUS olarak değerlendirildiği için biyopsi yapıldı. En sık biyopsi nedeni ASCUS oldu. Biyopsi yapılan hastaların %10,4’ü CIN I olarak değerlendirildi. Olguların %22,4’üne (n=146) operasyon yapıldı ve en sık olarak %31,7’yle soğuk konizasyon uygulandığı görüldü. Operasyon sonuçlarında en sık olarak CIN I saptandı. Biyopsi yapılan olguların 50’si servikal invaziv karsinom olarak değerlendirilirken, opere edilen olguların 20’sinde servikal invaziv karsinom tespit edildi. Olguların biyopsi ve operasyon patolojisinde en sık skuamoz hücreli karsinom saptandı. Smear sonucunda %66,7’sinde anormal saptanırken, patoloji sonucunda bu oran %28,3 olarak saptandı. Olguların HPV durumları ile biyopsi patoloji sonuçları arasında anlamlı ilişki saptanmadı (p>0,05). Biyopsi sonucunda anormal saptanan %11,8 olgu, operasyon patoloji sonucuna göre normal olarak değerlendirildi (p<0,001). Biyopsi sonuçları normal olarak değerlendirilen ve klinik olarak şüphenin devam ettiği olguların %50’sinin operasyon patoloji sonucu anormal olarak değerlendirildi. HPV pozitif olan olgularda anormal patoloji, negatif olanlara göre daha fazla oranda saptandı (p<0,001). Smear sonucunda LGSIL durumuna göre operasyon patoloji sonuçlarında anlamlı farklılık görüldü (p<0,001). Yaş grupları arasında smear sonucu bakımından istatistiksel farklılık görülmedi. ASCUS olarak değerlendirilen olguların HPV varlığına göre patoloji sonuçları incelendiğinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuç bulunmadı (p>0,05). En sık tespit edilen HPV tipi HPV 16 olarak bulundu. Sonuçta smear testinin servikal invaziv kanser erken tanısında ne kadar önemli olduğunu ve bunun yanında yanlış negatif ve pozitifliklerin olduğunu gördük. Bu durumda yapılacak biyopsilerin smear testleri ile birlikteliğinde yanlış pozitiflik ve negatifliklerin azaltacağını, klinik şüphenin devam ettiği durumlarda bu şüphenin test sonuçları kadar göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiğini tespit ettik. HPV servikal patolojilerde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Çalışmamızda HPV pozitif olgularda, anormal smear ve anormal patoloji sonuçlarına daha fazla oranda rastlandığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu konuda alınacak önlemlerin, yapılacak erken tarama testlerinin ve daha fazla sayıda hasta içeren çalışmalardan elde edilebilecek sonuçların literatüre ve hastalara fayda sağlayacağını düşünmekteyiz.The aim of this study was to compare the results of pap smear results with pathology results and to determine the correlation between these tests. 623 patients who applied to Trakya University Health and Research Center Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic between January 1, 2013 and April 1, 2018 were included in the study. In addition to the data such as gravida, parity and age, cervical smear, cervical biopsy and, if any operation, pathology results were collected and the data were recorded. Statistical analysis was calculated by using SPSS 20.0 package program. Results were compared and reported for significant differences. Abnormal smear was found in 55.4% and abnormal pathology was found in 27.1% of the cases. The mean gravida was 3 and the parity was 2. The mean age was 46.2 ± 4.32 years. The mean age was smaller in HPV positive cases. The smear results of the cases were 43.6% and the biopsy results were 23.9% is cervical infections. Biopsy was performed as 37.3% of the cases were evaluated as ASCUS. The most common cause of biopsy was ASCUS. 10.4% of the patients who underwent biopsy were evaluated as CIN I. The operation was performed in 22.4% (n = 146) of the cases and cold conization was the most common with 31.7%. CIN I was the most frequent operation. Cervical invasive carcinoma was detected in 50 cases of biopsy and cervical invasive carcinoma in 20 patients of operation patology. Biopsy and surgical pathology were the most common squamous cell carcinoma. The rate of smear was found to be abnormal in 66.7% and the rate of pathology was found to be abnormal in 28.3%, respectively. There was no significant relationship between HPV status and biopsy pathology results (p> 0.05). As a result of the biopsy, 11.8% of the cases were found to be abnormal according to the surgical pathology (p <0.001). Biopsy results were evaluated as abnormal in 50% of the cases to the surgical pathology. In patients with HPV positive abnormal pathology was found to be more than the negative ones (p <0.001). Smear results showed a significant difference in the pathology results according to LGSIL (p <0.001). No statistically significant difference was found between the age groups in terms of smear results. When the pathology results of the cases evaluated as ASCUS according to the presence of HPV, no statistically significant result was found (p <0.05). The most common HPV type was HPV 16. In conclusion, we found that smear test is important in the early diagnosis of cervical invasive cancer and false negative and positive. In this case, we found that false positivity and negativity would decrease in the coexistence of biopsies with smear tests and this suspicion should be taken into account as much as the test results. HPV has an important place in cervical pathologies. In our study, we found that HPV positive cases were found to have a higher rate of abnormal smear and abnormal pathology, and that early measures and early screening tests would benefit the results and further comprehensive studies would benefit the literature and patients

Corruption et Processus d’adoption des Systèmes d’Information: Revue de Littérature

Information Systems (IS) are proposed as effective systems to release the potential of organizations regarding the integration of business processes and management. The aim of this theoretical research is to propose a conceptual and theoretical framework allowing to clarify the relationship between corruption and the adoption process of IS and/or Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) within an organizational context. The following theoretical analysis provides a framework for studying the influence of corruption on the process of adoption and appropriation of IS/ICT, the factors responsible for misuse of IS, and forms of misappropriation of IS uses. Our research revolves around the corruption practices making by final users in the organizational context and the influence of these on the adoption process of IS. A discussion on how and in which direction the corrupt practices influence the adoption process of IS at the company level was proposed. In this analysis, our work will focus on the second section of the literature review concerning the successive adoption of IS/ICT, the adoption process of IS/ICT, and the relationship between corruption and using technologies. Finally, as a third section, we attempt to answer the main question of our theoretical research as follows: What are the factors involved in the misuse of IS within an organizational context and what are the most frequent corrupt practices in the IS adoption process?Les Systèmes d’Information (SI) se proposent comme des systèmes efficaces afin de libérer le potentiel des organisations à l’égard de l'intégration des processus d'affaires et de gestion. L’objectif de la présente recherche théorique consiste à proposer un cadre conceptuel et théorique permettant de clarifier la relation théorique entre la corruption et le processus d’adoption des SI et/ou des Technologies d’Information et de Communication (TIC) au sein d’un contexte organisationnel. Cette analyse théorique propose un cadre de travail permettant d’étudier l’influence de la corruption sur le processus d’adoption et d’appropriation des SI/TIC, les facteurs en cause de détournement d’usage des SI ainsi que les formes de détournement des usages des SI. Notre recherche gravite autour des pratiques de la corruption par les utilisateurs finaux dans un contexte organisationnel, et l’influence des ces derniers sur le processus d’adoption des SI. Une discussion sur comment et dans quelle direction les pratiques de corruption influencent-elles le processus d’adoption des SI au niveau des entreprises a été proposée. Dans cet esprit d’analyse, notre travail porte dans une deuxième partie sur la revue de la littérature qui concerne successivement l’adoption des SI/TIC, le processus d’adoption des SI/TIC et la relation entre la corruption et l’usage des technologies puis, dans une troisième partie, nous tentons à répondre à la question principale de notre recherche théorique&nbsp;à savoir : Quels sont les facteurs en cause de détournement d’usage des SI au sein d’un contexte organisationnel et quelles sont les pratiques de corruption les plus fréquentes dans le processus d’adoption des SI&nbsp;

Super resolution using sparse sampling at portable ultra-low field MR

Ultra-low field (ULF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) holds the potential to make MRI more accessible, given its cost-effectiveness, reduced power requirements, and portability. However, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) drops with field strength, necessitating imaging with lower resolution and longer scan times. This study introduces a novel Fourier-based Super Resolution (FouSR) approach, designed to enhance the resolution of ULF MRI images with minimal increase in total scan time. FouSR combines spatial frequencies from two orthogonal ULF images of anisotropic resolution to create an isotropic T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) image. We hypothesized that FouSR could effectively recover information from under-sampled slice directions, thereby improving the delineation of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions and other significant anatomical features. Importantly, the FouSR algorithm can be implemented on the scanner with changes to the k-space trajectory. Paired ULF (Hyperfine SWOOP, 0.064 tesla) and high field (Siemens, Skyra, 3 Tesla) FLAIR scans were collected on the same day from a phantom and a cohort of 10 participants with MS or suspected MS (6 female; mean ± SD age: 44.1 ± 4.1). ULF scans were acquired along both coronal and axial planes, featuring an in-plane resolution of 1.7 mm × 1.7 mm with a slice thickness of 5 mm. FouSR was evaluated against registered ULF coronal and axial scans, their average (ULF average) and a gold standard SR (ANTs SR). FouSR exhibited higher SNR (47.96 ± 12.6) compared to ULF coronal (36.7 ± 12.2) and higher lesion conspicuity (0.12 ± 0.06) compared to ULF axial (0.13 ± 0.07) but did not exhibit any significant differences contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) compared to other methods in patient scans. However, FouSR demonstrated superior image sharpness (0.025 ± 0.0040) compared to all other techniques (ULF coronal 0.021 ± 0.0037, q = 5.9, p-adj. = 0.011; ULF axial 0.018 ± 0.0026, q = 11.1, p-adj. = 0.0001; ULF average 0.019 ± 0.0034, q = 24.2, p-adj. < 0.0001) and higher lesion sharpness (−0.97 ± 0.31) when compared to the ULF average (−1.02 ± 0.37, t(543) = −10.174, p = <0.0001). Average blinded qualitative assessment by three experienced MS neurologists showed no significant difference in WML and sulci or gyri visualization between FouSR and other methods. FouSR can, in principle, be implemented on the scanner to produce clinically useful FLAIR images at higher resolution on the fly, providing a valuable tool for visualizing lesions and other anatomical structures in MS