The extracellular Leucine-Rich Repeat superfamily; a comparative survey and analysis of evolutionary relationships and expression patterns

Correction to Dolan J, Walshe K, Alsbury S, Hokamp K, O'Keeffe S, Okafuji T, Miller SF, Tear G, Mitchell KJ: The extracellular leucine-rich repeat superfamily; a comparative survey and analysis of evolutionary relationships and expression patterns. BMC Genomics 2007, 8:320

日本成人女性における前歯部配列の理想的な切歯のプロポーションに関する検討

The goal of dental esthetic treatment is to restore mastication and esthetics. Dental esthetic treatment differs from prosthodontic treatment due to the fact that the former considers the relationship between the anterior teeth and the entire facial configuration, especially around the mouth, to provide a beautiful smile. Rufenacht, in his textbook “Fundamental of Esthetics” in 1₉₉0, advocated 10 factors to create a beautiful smile. One of the factors states that “The shape of the anterior teeth has to be in Golden Proportion”. Although the factors make sense, the factor regarding the golden proportion raises a question. Hence, we measured the width of the maxillary anterior teeth and compared them to the ʻgolden proportionʼ. A total of 162 Japanese female, with an average age of 31 years old were examined. They were treated by orthodontists who are boardcertified by the Japanese Orthodontic Association. The subjects underwent orthodontic treatment with an initial diagnosis of Angle class 1, ANB2 to 4 malocclusions with no skeletal involvement.Photographs of the maxillary anterior after orthodontic treatment were used for measurements. Three dentists with more than 5 years of clinical experience measured the width of the maxillary anterior from the photos enlarged by 3.8 times. The crown width obtained from the two–dimensional photographs was 32.48 ± 1.01 mm for central incisors, 23.83 ± 0.8₉ mm for lateral incisors, and 1₉.₉0 ± 1.04 mm for cuspids. The average width of central incisor was 1.36 and the cuspid was 0.84 with the lateral incisor as 1. It is common that the width of the tooth increases from lateral incisor followed by the cuspid, and the central incisor. However, the harmony of anterior teeth should not be based on the actual width of each tooth, but on the two–dimensional tooth proportion viewed from the anterior, which can be affected by the shape of the dental arch, the angle of each tooth, and so on. According to our results, the ratio of the central to the lateral incisor did not coincide with the golden ratio of 1:1.618 but rather to the silver ratio of 1: √2 (1.414), a traditional beautiful proportion in Japanese culture. To compare of results, we used the textbook “Anteriores”, by Dr. Jan Hajto and examined the two–dimensional measurement of the maxillary anterior teeth in 32 European female. We concluded that the ideal incisor proportion before and after orthodontic treatment in Asian women is closer to the silver ratio. Even for European female, the ideal incisor proportion is not necessarily the golden ratio, contrary to popular belief

A patient with severely anterior cross bite during the growth period treated with a myofunctional training device

Although functional jaw orthopedic appliances have been used to treat anterior cross bite during the growth and development period, its functional effect for severely anterior cross bite has not been clarified. Cases treated with a myofunctional training device for deciduous tooth anterior cross bite have been reported, but normally, these devices are not used to improve occlusion of patients with severly anterior cross bite. The patient was an 8-year and 4-month-old boy with Skeletal 3 anterior cross bite, Terminal plane Mesial step type with -3 mm over jet and +6 mm over bite, and ANB of -3.0° and U1 to SN of 86°. We proposed the conventional treatment method, but active treatment was rejected due to various background factors, and consent could not be obtained. Thus, we proposed the use of a myofunctional training device and consent was obtained. The attached device guided the abnormal pressure of various muscles of the oral cavity in an appropriate direction and promoted forward development of the upper jaw. ANB improved to +1.0°, curvature of Spee was flattened, and labial inclination of the upper teeth and inferior backward growth of the mandible were observed, which improved coverage of the upper tooth region that the patient most strongly desired

A bioinformatic and in situ screen for novel axon guidance molecules

Previous screens for axon guidance molecules have identified that many of the molecular cues and their axonal receptors fall into a few major classes that are conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. While it has been speculated that the majority of axon guidance molecules have already been discovered it seems likely that many such molecules would have been missed due to experimental biases in the genetic or biochemical methods used to identify them. Additionally it seems unlikely that sufficient molecules have been identified to encode the complete wiring of the embryonic nervous system. In order to identify further axon guidance molecules we have taken a systematic bioinformatic approach to identify novel transmembrane proteins that contain any of a number of motifs previously found in known axon guidance molecules. These axon guidance motifs include, for example, immunoglobulin (Ig) motifs, fibronectin-type III (FN3) motifs, leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats amongst others. This screen has identified 162 genes in Drosophila that fulfil these criteria and their expression patterns were subsequently determined by in situ hybridization. This study yielded 41 candidate axon guidance molecules that show neural expression in the embryo during the period of axon extension. These include 9 genes that appear to have orthologues in vertebrates including the CG32635/Neto and Ten/Odz families. We are now carrying out functional analyses to assess the involvement of these genes in axon guidance in the embryo

<i>In situ</i> hybridization patterns for Calsyntenin family genes in dorsal thalamus at P0.

<p>One coronal section for <i>Clstn1</i> and <i>Clstn2</i> is shown. MD, mediodorsal nucleus; VG, ventral geniculate nucleus; VM, ventromedial nucleus. Scale bar: 500 μm.</p

Enrichment of functional groups across clusters.

<p>Relative enrichment across clusters is shown by plotting observed/expected numbers of proteins per cluster for each of six groups: Group 1—axon guidance pathway and cell adhesion (A); Group 2—synapse (B); Group 3—receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands, and patterning (C); Group 4—neurotransmission pathway (GPCRs, ion channels, gap junctions; D); Group 5—chromatin and transcription factor activity (E); and, Group 6—other (cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, myelin, metabolic enzymes and signal transduction) and unannotated (F). A value of 1 indicates observed data matches expected values, whereas a value below or above 1 indicates decreased or increased counts compared to expected values, respectively. Clusters 0–9 are organized chronologically. P-values from chi square analyses are shown in upper right corner of each graph. All groups showed statistically significant deviation from expected distributions.</p

<i>In situ</i> hybridization patterns for immunoglobulin superfamily genes in dorsal thalamus at P0.

<p>Two coronal sections are shown for <i>Kirrel3</i>, <i>Igsf9b</i> and <i>Sdk2</i>, one rostral and one more caudal. The entire corresponding sections are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177977#pone.0177977.s007" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a>, for context. CL, centrolateral nucleus; DLG, dorsolateral geniculate nucleus; DM, dorosmedial hypothalamic nucleus; LD, laterodorsal nucleus; MHb, medial habenula; Po, posterior thalamic nuclear group; PV, paraventricular nucleus; Re, reuniens nucleus; Rh, rhomboid nucleus; Rt, reticular nucleus; VG, ventral geniculate nucleus; VP, ventral posterior nucleus; VPPC, ventral posterior nucleus parvicellular part. Scale bar: 500 μm.</p

Summary of expression profiles at <i>k</i> = 10.

<p>Normalised expression densities were averaged per cluster to see the trends of expression at <i>k</i> = 10. Clusters were organised chronologically with those showing early peaks of expression at the top and later peaks of expression at the bottom. Heatmap’s 3 colour scale of gene expression data: 0.2, red; 1, white; 5, blue. Number of genes per cluster is shown in the rightmost column.</p