Rural Dweller’s Perception of Impacts of Motorcycle(Okada) Services in Community Development in Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone of Oyo State, Nigeria.

Rural dwellers’ are of opinion that impact of Okada services was a gradual development of the rural economy leading to poverty alleviation and food security. This study identifies factors affecting Okada services, impact of Okada services and constraints hindering Okada services in Community development. From the perception of the rural dwellers’ A 5-point likert -type scale containing pretested statements was used to measure the impacts, while constraints was measure by the use of A-3 point likert-type scale in three randomly chosen communities from 3 purposively selected Local Government Areas of Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone in Oyo State. The study found that majority of the rural dwellers are strongly agreed and agreed on the economy impacts, agricultural impacts, cultural impacts, societal impacts, health impacts and environmental impacts derived from okada services in rural community development. It thus demonstrated that the perception of rural dwellers’ on the constraints hindered okada services in community development were major constraints. The study also shows that rural dwellers’ socio-economic characteristics (age, sex, marital status, household size) influenced their perception of impacts of okada services in rural community development while, age, number of years in school, marital status, length of residence and household size Influenced their perception of constraints hindered okada services in community development. Therefore any measures seeking to influence the process of okada services should meet the rural dwellers perception of impacts of okada service in community development, government needs to take serious look at the deeper economic implications of the okada services with a view to ensuring that youth were discourage from okada services by enable them to benefit reliable employment opportunity for sustainability of future economy in all sectors. Key words: Rural dwellers’, Perception, Okada services, Community, Development

On the effect of foreign aid on corruption

The Okada & Samreth(2012, EL) finding that aid deters corruption could have an important influence on policy and academic debates. This paper partially negates their criticism of the mainstream approach to the aid-development nexus. Using updated data(1996-2010) from 52 African countries we provide robust evidence of a positive aid-corruption nexus. Development assistance fuels(mitigates) corruption(the control of corruption) in the African continent. As a policy implication, the Okada & Samreth(2012, EL) finding for developing countries may not be relevant for Africa.Foreign Aid; Political Economy; Development; Africa

USE OF MOTOR CYCLE: A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA.

Efficient transportation system is core to any economic growth, development and success.  It is a means of moving valuable variables such as labour, producers, middlemen, and customers from one place to another.  The city of Ilorin is the capital of Kwara State the most populous city in the State.  The use of Okada as means of transportation in Ilorin metropolis was as a result of many factors such as, influx of people into the city from rural areas to seek for greener pastures.  Unfortunately, the traditional public transport supplies cannot cope and this created a big gap in transportation activities in the city. Also, the poor economy that leads to high unemployment among adults and poor infrastructural facilities made many trained artisans to venture into Okada riding.  This paper discusses the use of Okada business as sustainable transportation system in Ilorin metropolis. This paper further discusses the positive contributions of Okada means of transportation to the economy and the people in Ilorin metropolis especially as an alternative to the traditional mode of transport of taxis and private cars. The use of questionnaire was employed to elicit relevant data and information from the respondents.  A survey technique was used to access motorcycle transportation business in Ilorin metropolis covering (Ilorin West,Ilorin East and Ilorin South Local Government Council). Okada riders in the threeLocal Government Areas were randomly selected, interviewed and giving questionnaire to fill. 10 sub-union of Okada riders were purposely selected from the study area out of which 100 Okada users (public) were randomly selected. Likert type scales mainly strongly agree (SD), Disagree (D), Agree, (A), and Strongly Agree (SA) was used.  The criteria mean for significance was 2.5000 (1+2+ 3+4)/4 = 2.5. From the findings, it is recommended that the use of Okada as means of transportation should be allowed but measures should be put in place to monitor its operation so as to reduce its hazards (especially incessant accident).  Also, since it has been in operation to fill the gap created by the traditional mode of transportation, its use should be allowed to meet the needs of the populace

The free recall search process introduces errors in short term memory but apparently not in long term memory

Here it is reported that the free recall search process increases the error rate for short term memory (about 1% per second in data from Murdock & Okada (1970)) but not for long term memory (in data from McDermott (1996)). If the short term memory search process introduces random excitations, which would account for the search errors, the subjects should be unaware of making such errors. This is in agreement with DRM findings (Gallo, 2010) and the new finding that the error terminated distributions in Murdock (1962) are the same as those terminated by studied items

D-branes in the WZW model

It is stated in the literature that D-branes in the WZW-model associated with the gluing condition J = - \bar{J} along the boundary correspond to branes filling out the whole group volume. We show instead that the end-points of open strings are rather bound to stay on `integer' conjugacy classes. In the case of SU(2) level k WZW model we obtain k-1 two dimensional Euclidean D-branes and two D particles sitting at the points e and -e.Comment: 2 pages, LaTe