Uso y aprovechamiento de fauna silvestre en la selva Zoque, México

La cacería de subsistencia y la pérdida de hábitat son dos de las principales actividades humanas que tienen un efecto negativo sobre la fauna silvestre en las fronteras de colonización. En la presente investigación se estudió el uso consuntivo que se da a la fauna silvestre en varias comunidades de la Selva Zoque, México. Durante el año 2012 y principios del 2013 se realizó una serie de visitas a la región para conocer y listar la riqueza de especies y usos que los habitantes hacen de ella, describir los métodos de caza más utilizados, las especies preferidas y su frecuencia y/o aprovechamiento. En total se cazaron 202 animales por 13 cazadores participantes, el grupo biológico más utilizado es el de los mamíferos, N = 13 especies; las aves el segundo grupo, N = 4 especies y los reptiles el menos aprovechado, N = 1 especies. El aprovechamiento de esta última clase está orientado al uso alimenticio, y en menor grado, al artesanal, a diferencia de los otros dos grupos, que en su mayoría tienen uso alimentario, control, ornamental y medicinal. El total de biomasa obtenida durante el estudio fue de 1900 kg. La biomasa aprovechada varió significativamente entre especies (p > 0.001). La mayor producción de carne se obtuvo a partir de: Pecari tajacu, Cuniculus paca, Dasypus novemcinctus, Tapirus bairdii, Mazama temama y Tayassu pecari. La batida fue la técnica más usada, también se identificaron las técnicas de espía o acecho en sitios de alimentación, parcelas de trabajo y lampareo en áreas conservadas. Los tipos de armas más empleadas fueron las escopetas calibre 0.12, 0.16, 0.20 y rifle 0.22. La cacería de subsistencia es una actividad complementaria a las actividades agrícolas y ganaderas que las poblaciones campesinas realizan en la Selva Zoque; sin embargo, es necesario continuar realizando monitoreos para planear la sustentabilidad de ese recurso

Litsea glaucescens Kuth possesses bactericidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes

Background Litsea glaucencens Kuth is an aromatic plant used for food seasoning food and in Mexican traditional medicine. Among, L. glaucencens leaves properties, it has proven antibacterial activity which can be used against opportunistic pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne bacteria that is the causal agent of listeriosis, a disease that can be fatal in susceptible individuals. The aim of this work was to investigate the antibacterial activity of L. glaucescens Kuth leaf extracts against L. monocytogenes and to identify its bioactive components. Material and Methods L. glaucences leaves were macerated with four solvents of different polarity (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol). To determine the capacity to inhibit bacterial proliferation in vitro, agar diffusion and microdilution methods were used. Next, we determined the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Finally, we determined the ratio of MBC/MIC. Metabolites present in the active methanolic extract from L. glaucescens Kuth (LgMeOH) were purified by normal-phase open column chromatography. The structure of the antibacterial metabolite was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC) and by comparison with known compounds. Results The LgMeOH extract was used to purify the compound responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity. This compound was identified as 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (pinocembrin) by analysis of its spectroscopic data and comparison with those described. The MIC and MBC values obtained for pinocembrin were 0.68 mg/mL, and the ratio MBC/MIC for both LgMeOH and pinocembrin was one, which indicates bactericidal activity. Conclusion L. glaucences Kuth leaves and its metabolite pinocembrin can be used to treat listeriosis due the bactericidal activity against L. monocytogenes

Puercoespín Tropical (Coendou mexicanus)

Vista frontal de un ejemplar hembra adulto de Puercoespín Tropical (Coendou mexicanus) en cautiverio

Efecto del consumo de palo escrito, alfalfa y maíz en bloques multinutricionales sobre la calidad de la canal y carne de conejos

Abstract: Rabbit breeding is an activity that is growing worldwide due to its easy handling, high reproduction rate and the possibility of generating profits from the sale of animals or the benefit of animal protein through self-consumption. The high feed costs in the production of rabbits through the use of commercial food, make that are looked for alternatives of feeding for this species, as it can be the "palo escrito" plant (Dalbergia palo-escrito sp). The leaves of this plant contain high amounts of protein, it is perhaps for this reason that this gender is part of their diet. The effect of replacing the proportion of alfalfa per "palo escrito" in the diet of rabbits for fattening on the quality of the carcass and the meat of rabbits was evaluated. The results showed that the use of "palo escrito" in the diet of rabbits is totally harmful, since, in the first week of treatment, all the animals died, even though some beneficial effect has been reported in some other animals. Regarding the use of alfalfa or maize in multinutritional diets, the rabbits treated with maize showed a significant difference in the productive parameters and in the quality of the carcassl with respect to those treated with alfalfa. It is necessary to continue studying the "palo escrito" because possibly its secondary metabolites may have the beneficial effect if they are included as additives.Resumen: La cunicultura es una actividad que está creciendo a nivel mundial, debido a su fácil manejo, alta tasa de reproducción y la posibilidad de generar utilidades por la venta de animales o el beneficio de proteína animal mediante el autoconsumo. Los altos costos de alimentación en la producción de conejos mediante la utilización de alimentos comerciales, hacen que se busquen alternativas de alimentación para esta especie, como puede ser el palo escrito (Dalbergia palo-escrito sp). Las hojas de esta planta contienen altas cantidades de proteína, es quizás por ello que, este género forme parte de su dieta. Se evaluó el efecto de la sustitución de la proporción de alfalfa por palo escrito en la dieta de conejos de engorda sobre la calidad de la canal y de la carne de conejos. Los resultados encontrados mostraron que el uso de palo escrito en la dieta de los conejos es totalmente perjudicial, ya que, a la primera semana de tratamiento, todos los animales murieron, a pesar de que ha sido reportado efecto benéfico en algunos otros animales. Respecto al uso de alfalfa o maíz en dietas multinutricionales, los conejos tratados con maíz mostraron una diferencia significativa en los parámetros productivos y en la calidad de la canal con respecto a los tratados con alfalfa. Es necesario seguir estudiando el palo escrito debido a que posiblemente sus metabolitos secundarios pueden tener efecto benéfico si se incluyen como aditivos

Evaluación de parámetros productivos y rendimiento de la canal de conejos que consumieron infusión de epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides)

Abstract: Rabbit breeding is an activity that is growing worldwide in recent times, due to its easy handling, the speed with which they reproduce and the possibility of generating animals for sale or self-consumption. One of the main problems facing this activity is that there are no pharmacological options for the treatment of diseases in these animals, for that reason, alternative strategies have been sought to protect and/or prevent against these diseases, one of the options is the use of medicinal plants. Here we evaluate the effect of epazote infusion on rabbit fattening, animal production, and carcass yield. The results showed that the use of 10 g of epazote administered as an infusion in rabbit fattening increased the productive parameters and allowed no mortality during the 4 weeks of treatment, so it would be important to evaluate its effect on the quality of meat and meat products derived from it.Resumen: La cunicultura es una actividad que está creciendo a nivel mundial en los últimos tiempos, debido a su fácil manejo, la rapidez con la que se reproducen y la posibilidad de generar animales para su venta o autoconsumo. Uno de los principales problemas a los que se enfrenta esta actividad, es que no hay opciones farmacológicas para el tratamiento de enfermedades en dichos animales, por tal motivo, se han buscado estrategias alternativas para proteger y/o prevenir contra estas enfermedades, una de las opciones es el uso de plantas medicinales. Aquí evaluamos el efecto de la utilización de infusión de epazote en la engorda de conejos, sobre la producción animal y rendimiento de la canal. Los resultados encontrados mostraron que el uso de 10 g de epazote administrados como infusión en la engorda de conejos, aumentó los parámetros productivos y permitió que no hubiera mortalidad durante las 4 semanas de tratamiento, por lo que sería importante evaluar su efecto sobre la calidad de la carne y los productos cárnicos derivados de la misma

Efecto del consumo de vinagre y una bebida fermentada sobre la calidad de la canal y carne de conejos

Abstract: Rabbit breeding is an activity that is growing worldwide in recent times, due to its easy handling, the speed with which they reproduce and the possibility of generating animals for sale or self-consumption. Keeping rabbit's digestive system under appropriate pH conditions means that the food consumed can be better digested and nutrients are available for absorption, and pH can be a triggering factor that encourages the growth of microorganisms that may affect rabbits' health. Here we evaluated the quality of the carcass and rabbit meat in animals treated with vinegar and fermented water in consumption water, in order to improve the functioning of the digestive system, to obtain better quality characteristics of the carcass and the meat. The results showed that there are no significant differences when using vinegar or fermented water in the meat quality and the carcass in rabbits, only a significant difference in color was observed in the value of L (P<0.01) in the treatment which consumed vinegar; so it would be important to use a fermented drink with an acid-lactic bacterium isolated from the rabbit's own digestive system and observe its action on the quality of meat and the carcass.Resumen: La cunicultura es una actividad que está creciendo a nivel mundial en los últimos tiempos, debido a su fácil manejo, la rapidez con la que se reproducen y la posibilidad de generar animales para su venta o autoconsumo. El mantener un sistema digestivo del conejo bajo condiciones apropiadas de pH, hace que el alimento consumido se pueda digerir mejor y los nutrientes estén disponibles para su absorción, además de que el pH puede ser un factor desencadenante que propicie el crecimiento de microorganismos que puedan afectar la salud del conejo. Aquí evaluamos la calidad de la canal y de la carne de conejo, en animales tratados con vinagre y agua fermentada en agua de bebida, con la finalidad de mejorar el funcionamiento del sistema digestivo, para obtener mejores características de la calidad de la canal y de la carne. Los resultados encontrados mostraron que no existen diferencias significativas si se utiliza vinagre o agua fermentada en la calidad de carne y de la canal en conejos, sólo se observó diferencia significativa en el color, en el valor de L (P<0.01) en el tratamiento que consumió vinagre; por lo que sería importante utilizar una bebida fermentada con una bacteria ácido-láctica aislada del propio sistema digestivo del conejo y observar su acción sobre la calidad de carne y de la canal

Uso de extracto enzimático de Pleurotus ostreatus sobre los parámetros productivos de cabras

Abstract: The use of commercial exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (cellulases and xylanases) has been widely used in animal production, in order to complement the activity of the endogenous enzymes, to achieve an increase in milk production response. In this research, we intend to utilize as an alternative the use of exogenous enzymes obtained from the spent substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus in order to evaluate the productive parameters of goats. The results showed that the inclusion in the diet of this enzymatic extract had an effect on daily weight gain, milk production, and consumption. This suggests that the enzymatic extract obtained from the spent substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus may be an alternative to improve the productive parameters of goats.Resumen: La utilización de enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas comerciales (celulasas y xilanasas) ha sido ampliamente empleada en producción animal, con la finalidad de complementar la actividad de las enzimas endógenas, para lograr un incremento en la respuesta de producción de leche. En esta investigación se pretende utilizar como alternativa el uso de enzimas exógenas obtenidas del sustrato gastado de Pleurotus ostreatus con el fin de evaluar los parámetros productivos de cabras. Los resultados mostraron que la inclusión en la dieta de este extracto enzimático, tuvo efecto sobre la ganancia diaria de peso, producción de leche y consumo de alimento. Lo que sugiere que el extracto enzimático obtenido del sustrato gastado de Pleurotus ostreatus, puede ser una alternativa para mejorar los parámetros productivos de las cabras

Caffeine Consumption in Children: Innocuous or Deleterious? A Systematic Review

Caffeine is the most consumed psychostimulant worldwide. Its use among children is controversial. Although it produces an increase in brain activity, it could hamper growth and development in young consumers. Therefore, the aim of this review was to recognize changes produced by caffeine in children under 12 years of age and to identify the relevant alterations and the conditions of their occurrence. A systematic review of the literature was carried out using PRISMA. Initially, 5468 articles were found from the EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Clarivate Analytics databases. In this review, were retained 24 published articles that met the inclusion criteria. The results obtained showed that caffeine consumption hampers children&rsquo;s growth and development. In contrast, it supports the activation of the central nervous system and brain energy management

Serological and Molecular Evidence of Patients Infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Mexico

Human granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA), is a tick-borne infectious disease transmitted by ticks, resulting in acute feverish episodes. The etiological agent is the bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum; which is spread by ticks of the genus Ixodes spp. to complete its life cycle. In Mexico, there is only one case report. The primary challenge is understanding how other bacteria affect or overlap with the clinical manifestation of the disease. Sample collection occurred over the period September 2017 through October 2019. Blood samples from human subjects were obtained immediately after they signed consent forms. We analyzed for the presence for A. phagocytophilum by serological (IFA IgG two times) and PCR targeting 16SrRNA and groEL genes, followed by DNA sequencing. All patients with a history of travel abroad were dismissed for this project. In total, 1924 patients participated and of these, 1014 samples across the country were analyzed. Of these, 85 (8.38%) had IFA results that ranged from 1:384 to 1:896. Of the positive samples, 7.10% were used for PCR. Significant clinical manifestations included: dizziness, nausea, petechial, epistaxis, enlarged liver and/or spleen and thrombocytopenia. Hospitalization of at least 1.5 days was necessary for 3.2% of patients. None of the cases analyzed were lethal. This is the first clinical manifestations along with serological test results and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of A. phagocytophilum resulting in HGA in patients from Mexico. Health institutions and medical practitioners in general should include diagnostic testing for HGA among high risk populations and should recognize it as a vector-borne emerging infectious disease in Mexico

<i>Porophyllum</i> Genus Compounds and Pharmacological Activities: A Review

The genus Porophyllum (family Asteraceae) is native to the western hemisphere, growing in tropical and subtropical North and South America. Mexico is an important center of diversification of the genus. Plants belong of genus Porophyllum have been used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat kidney and intestinal diseases, parasitic, bacterial, and fungal infections and anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. In this sense, several trials have been made on its chemical and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities. These studies were carried on the extracts and isolated compounds and support most of their reported uses in folk medicine as antifungal, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and burn repair activities, and as a potential source of new class of insecticides. Bio guided phytochemical studies showed the isolation of thiophenes, terpenes and phenolics compounds, which could be responsible for the pharmacological activities. However, more pre-clinical assays that highlight the mechanisms of action of the compounds involved in pharmacological function are lacking. This review discusses the current knowledge of their chemistry, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities carried out on the plants belonging to the Porophyllum genus