Programme de recherches interdisciplinaires « Vérité et fiction »

Stéphane Breton, Jean-Paul Colleyn, André Gunthert, Jean-Claude Penrad, Annick Bouleau, Sabine Chalvon, Daniel Dayan, Renaud Dulong, Éliane de Latour, Catarina Pasqualino, Dominique Pasquier, Marc-Henri Piault, Jean-Pierre Bertin-Maghit, Jacqueline Chervin, Emmannuel Grimaud, Roger Odin, Laurence Allard Allard, Gilles Saussier, Elodie Perreau Nous avons poursuivi nos travaux sur la tension (majeure), entre la vérité et la fiction dans les formes d’expression audiovisuelles. Roger Odin (Univer..

Programme de recherches interdisciplinaires « Vérité et fiction »

Stéphane Breton, Jean-Paul Colleyn, André Gunthert, Jean-Claude Penrad, Annick Bouleau, Sabine Chalvon, Daniel Dayan, Renaud Dulong, Éliane de Latour, Catarina Pasqualino, Dominique Pasquier, Marc-Henri Piault, Jean-Pierre Bertin-Maghit, Jacqueline Chervin, Emmannuel Grimaud, Roger Odin, Laurence Allard Allard, Gilles Saussier, Elodie Perreau Nous avons poursuivi nos travaux sur la tension (majeure), entre la vérité et la fiction dans les formes d’expression audiovisuelles. Roger Odin (Univer..

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Non-motor predictors of 36-month quality of life after subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease

AbstractTo identify predictors of 36-month follow-up quality of life (QoL) outcome after bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this ongoing, prospective, multicenter international study (Cologne, Manchester, London) including 73 patients undergoing STN-DBS, we assessed the following scales preoperatively and at 6-month and 36-month follow-up: PD Questionnaire-8 (PDQ-8), NMSScale (NMSS), Scales for Outcomes in PD (SCOPA)-motor examination, -activities of daily living, and -complications, and levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD). We analyzed factors associated with QoL improvement at 36-month follow-up based on (1) correlations between baseline test scores and QoL improvement, (2) step-wise linear regressions with baseline test scores as independent and QoL improvement as dependent variables, (3) logistic regressions and receiver operating characteristic curves using a dichotomized variable “QoL responders”/“non-responders”. At both follow-ups, NMSS total score, SCOPA-motor examination, and -complications improved and LEDD was reduced significantly. PDQ-8 improved at 6-month follow-up with subsequent decrements in gains at 36-month follow-up when 61.6% of patients were categorized as “QoL non-responders”. Correlations, linear, and logistic regression analyses found greater PDQ-8 improvements in patients with younger age, worse PDQ-8, and worse specific NMS at baseline, such as ‘difficulties experiencing pleasure’ and ‘problems sustaining concentration’. Baseline SCOPA scores were not associated with PDQ-8 changes. Our results provide evidence that 36-month QoL changes depend on baseline neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric non-motor symptoms burden. These findings highlight the need for an assessment of a wide range of non-motor and motor symptoms when advising and selecting individuals for DBS therapy

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

L'ESTHETIQUE A L'EPREUVE DE LA PENSEE TRAGIQUE LE BRUIT BLANC DU MONDE

VOICI UNE INTERROGATION AU SUJET DE LA COMPREHENSION DU TERME ESTHETIQUE. RENVOIE-T-IL A UN CHAMP DISCIPLINAIRE BIEN DEFINI, OU A UNE CONNAISSANCE DONT LA TRANSVERSALITE CONCERNERAIT DES DOMAINES QUI NE LUI SONT PAS CONVENTIONNELLEMENT ASSOCIES, COMME LA SCIENCE, L'EPISTEMOLOGIE OU LA COMMUNICATION ? PAREILLE QUESTION LAISSERAIT ENCORE PENSER QUE L'ESTHETIQUE EST UNE MODALITE PARTICULIERE D'UN QUESTIONNEMENT PHILOSOPHIQUE, PAR EXCELLENCE TRANSVERSAL. TOUTEFOIS, CELA NOUS PARAIT INEVITABLE : NOUS NE VOYONS PAS D'AUTRE APPROCHE QUE PHILOSOPHIQUE POUR MENER UNE REFLEXION SUR L'ESTHETIQUE EN TANT QUE REGARD EVENTUELLEMENT CONNEXE. LA TRADITION DE L'ONTOLOGIE, AVEC SES PROBLEMATIQUES CARDINALES, A SOUVENT ENTRAINE L'ESTHETIQUE DU COTE DE SES VISEES METAPHYSIQUES. DES MOUVANCES, D'INSPIRATION PLUS PRAGMATIQUE, ONT LARGEMENT CRITIQUE CE MODELE TUTELAIRE, ET EN APPELLENT DESORMAIS A UNE ESTHETIQUE "SANS MYTHES" (SCHAEFFER). CEPENDANT, ET C'EST LE PROPOS DE CETTE THESE, IL NOUS SEMBLE QUE SUBSISTENT, SINON DE NOMBREUX "MYTHES", DU MOINS DES ATTENDUS SPECULATIFS, AU SEIN DU DISCOURS SUR L'ESTHETIQUE, LEQUEL SE FERAIT TOUJOURS L'ECHO DE CONCEPTS RATIONNELS ET JURIDIQUES, HERITES, NOTAMMENT, DU KANTISME. POUR TENTER DE LES SOULIGNER, IL NOUS A PARU INTERESSANT DE FAIRE SUBIR A L'ESTHETIQUE L'EPREUVE D'UNE PENSEE MECONNUE, BIEN QU'ETABLISSANT ELLE AUSSI UNE LONGUE "TRADITION", DES SOPHISTES A ROSSET EN PASSANT PAR LUCRECE ET NIETZSCHE : LA PENSEE TRAGIQUE. PARCE QU'ELLE REFUSE LA METAPHORE ANTHROPOMORPHIQUE DE L'ORDRE NATUREL ET N'ACCEPTE AU TITRE DE FONDEMENT QU'UN ANTI-CONCEPT DE HASARD, CETTE PENSEE AURAIT DES CONSEQUENCES TANT PHILOSOPHIQUES QU'EPISTEMOLOGIQUES OU ESTHETIQUES (CES PLANS OU CES ENJEUX FINIRONT PAR SE CONFONDRE), QU'IL S'AGIRA D'ETUDIER.PARIS3-BU (751052102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Modélisation numérique de l'os mandibulaire appliquée à l'implantologie dentaire et maxillo - faciale

PARIS-MINES ParisTech (751062310) / SudocSudocFranceF

Prediction of the area affected by earthquake-induced landsliding based on seismological parameters

International audienceWe present an analytical, seismologically consistent expression for the surface area of the region within which most landslides triggered by an earthquake are located (landslide distribution area). This expression is based on scaling laws relating seismic moment, source depth, and focal mechanism with ground shaking and fault rupture length and assumes a globally constant threshold of acceleration for onset of systematic mass wasting. The seismological assumptions are identical to those recently used to propose a seismologically consistent expression for the total volume and area of landslides triggered by an earthquake. To test the accuracy of the model we gathered geophysical information and estimates of the landslide distribution area for 83 earthquakes. To reduce uncertainties and inconsistencies in the estimation of the landslide distribution area, we propose an objective definition based on the shortest distance from the seismic wave emission line containing 95 % of the total landslide area. Without any empirical calibration the model explains 56 % of the variance in our dataset, and predicts 35 to 49 out of 83 cases within a factor of 2, depending on how we account for uncertainties on the seismic source depth. For most cases with comprehensive landslide inventories we show that our prediction compares well with the smallest region around the fault containing 95 % of the total landslide area. Aspects ignored by the model that could explain the residuals include local variations of the threshold of acceleration and processes modulating the surface ground shaking, such as the distribution of seismic energy release on the fault plane, the dynamic stress drop, and rupture directivity. Nevertheless, its simplicity and first-order accuracy suggest that the model can yield plausible and useful estimates of the landslide distribution area in near-real time, with earthquake parameters issued by standard detection routines

Decadal-scale decay of landslide-derived fluvial suspended sediment after Typhoon Morakot

Abstract. Landslides influence fluvial suspended sediment transport by changing sediment supply and grain size, which alter suspended sediment concentrations and fluxes for a period of time after landsliding. To investigate the duration and scale of altered suspended sediment transport due to landsliding, we analyzed suspended sediment concentration and water discharge measurements at 87 gauging stations across Taiwan over an 11-year period after Typhoon Morakot, which generated nearly 20,000 landslides in 2009. At each gauging station, we computed annual rating curves to quantify changes over time in the sensitivity of suspended sediment concentrations to water discharge. Among the 40 stations in basins that were impacted by landsliding, the discharge-normalized rating curve coefficient ã was higher than that before Morakot by a factor of 5.1 ± 1.1 (mean ± standard error) the first year after Morakot (2010). The rating curve exponent b did not decrease at most stations until a year later (2011), when the average b value was lower than that before Morakot by 0.25 ± 0.05. Across the compilation of gauging stations, post-Morakot changes in ã were positively correlated with landslide intensity for seven years after Morakot, while post-Morakot changes in b were negatively correlated with landslide intensity from 2011 to 2014, reflecting a tendency for larger changes in ã and b to occur in basins with more intense landsliding. At 26 of these 40 stations, elevated values of ã declined after the initial post-Morakot peak, consistent with a gradual return to pre-Morakot suspended sediment transport conditions. Exponential regressions to these ã values reveal a median characteristic decay time of 8.8 years (interquartile range: 5.7–14.8 years). Values of ã tended to decline faster in basins with more intense landsliding, with a mean characteristic decay time of 6 years in the basins hardest hit by landsliding. Shortly after Morakot, changes in ã and b tended to be larger in basins with more intense landsliding, but this sensitivity to landsliding decayed away within 4–7 years. At stations that were not impacted or only minimally impacted by landsliding, neither ã nor b exhibited systematic responses to Morakot. To quantify the effect of landsliding on sediment discharge, we compared the measured sediment discharges after Morakot to the hypothetical sediment discharges that would have occurred if Morakot had induced no landslides, calculated by applying each station's pre-Morakot rating curve to its post-Morakot water discharge history. This analysis suggests that Morakot-induced landsliding increased sediment discharge by as much as >10-fold in some basins in the 1–2 years after Morakot. Together, these results indicate that the influence of Morakot-induced landsliding on rating curves was large shortly after Morakot but diminished in less than a decade in most of the study rivers, and will be imperceptible in another few decades in all of the study rivers. To the extent that these results are applicable to other landscapes, this suggests that periods of elevated sediment transport efficiency after landsliding should persist for years to decades, even if the landslide deposits persist for centuries to millennia

Using Sentinel-1 radar amplitude time series to constrain the timings of individual landslides: a step towards understanding the controls on monsoon-triggered landsliding

International audienceAbstract. Heavy-rainfall events in mountainous areas trigger destructive landslides, which pose a risk to people and infrastructure and significantly affect the landscape. Landslide locations are commonly mapped using optical satellite imagery, but in some regions their timings are often poorly constrained due to persistent cloud cover. Physical and empirical models that provide insights into the processes behind the triggered landsliding require information on both the spatial extent and the timing of landslides. Here we demonstrate that Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar amplitude time series can be used to constrain landslide timing to within a few days and present four techniques to accomplish this based on time series of (i) the difference in amplitude between the landslide and its surroundings, (ii) the spatial variability in amplitude between pixels within the landslide, and (iii) geometric shadows and (iv) geometric bright spots cast within the landslide. We test these techniques on three inventories of landslides of known timing, covering various settings and triggers, and demonstrate that a method combining them allows 20 %–30 % of landslides to be timed with an accuracy of 80 %. Application of this method could provide an insight into landslide timings throughout events such as the Indian summer monsoon, which triggers large numbers of landslides every year and has until now been limited to annual-scale analysis