Cosmological distance indicators

We review three distance measurement techniques beyond the local universe: (1) gravitational lens time delays, (2) baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO), and (3) HI intensity mapping. We describe the principles and theory behind each method, the ingredients needed for measuring such distances, the current observational results, and future prospects. Time delays from strongly lensed quasars currently provide constraints on $H_0$ with < 4% uncertainty, and with 1% within reach from ongoing surveys and efforts. Recent exciting discoveries of strongly lensed supernovae hold great promise for time-delay cosmography. BAO features have been detected in redshift surveys up to z <~ 0.8 with galaxies and z ~ 2 with Ly-$\alpha$ forest, providing precise distance measurements and $H_0$ with < 2% uncertainty in flat $\Lambda$CDM. Future BAO surveys will probe the distance scale with percent-level precision. HI intensity mapping has great potential to map BAO distances at z ~ 0.8 and beyond with precisions of a few percent. The next years ahead will be exciting as various cosmological probes reach 1% uncertainty in determining $H_0$, to assess the current tension in $H_0$ measurements that could indicate new physics.Comment: Review article accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews (Springer), 45 pages, 10 figures. Chapter of a special collection resulting from the May 2016 ISSI-BJ workshop on Astronomical Distance Determination in the Space Ag

PNEUMOPERITÔNIO COM DIÓXIDO DE CARBONO ASSOCIADO A TRÊS POSIÇÕES PARA LAPAROSCOPIA EM CÃES PNEUMOPERITONEUM USING CARBON DIOXIDE ASSOCIATED WITH THREE POSITIONS FOR LAPAROSCOPY IN DOGS

Doze cães foram submetidos ao pneumoperitônio com dióxido de carbono, em pressão constante de 15mmHg, e posicionados em Trendelenburg, Trendelenburg reverso e decúbito horizontal. As variáveis de saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina, freqüência cardíaca, freqüência respiratória, pressão arterial média, sistólica e diastólica, o pH, a pressão parcial de CO2 e a pressão parcial de O2 foram mensurados. Somente a freqüência cardíaca, a freqüência respiratória, o pH e a pressão parcial de CO2 apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao tempo.<br>The present study evaluated the changes in abdominal insufflation with carbon dioxide, with constant pressure of 15mmHg. In this experiment 12 dogs, adult mongrels were used. After having installed the pneumoperitonium, the animals were positioned in Trendelenburg, reversed Trendelenburg and horizontal position. In each one of the mentioned positions, the dogs stayed for a period of 30 minutes, for evaluation of alterations in the variables of saturation of oxygen in the hemoglobin, heart rate, breathing rate, arterial blood pressure, pH, partial pressure of CO2 and partial pressure of O2. There was no influences of the positioning on the studied variables. The heart rate, breathing rate, pH and the partial pressure of CO2 had significant difference when compared at the time controls

mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion in a mouse model

To investigate the role of interleukin (IL)-10 gene therapy on the reperfusion-induced lung injury, we utilised the technique of liposomal gene delivery before the induction of intestinal ischemia. Plasmid DNA encoding human IL-10 (hIL-10) or empy vector was injected intraperitoneally 24 h before the study. Male Balb/c mice randomized into three groups: Sham operated control (n = 12), empty plasmid vector (n = 12), and hIL-10 gene therapy group (n = 12). The ischemia was generated by selective occlusion of superior mesenteric artery for 60 min. and followed by reperfusion for 30 min. Lung tissue neutrophil infiltration was determined by myeloperoxidase assay and neutrophil counts. For the determination of lung tissue microvascular permeability, Evans blue dye injection was made and the lung edema was assesed by wet/dry ratio. hIL-10 protein expression was studied by immunostaining and ELISA. We found that pre-ischemic hIL-10 overexpression attenuated dye extravasation, leukocyte sequestration and reduced pulmonary tissue injury compared to the empty vector-injected control. Our study indicates that pre-ischemic hIL-10 overexpression attenuates lung injury caused by intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. (c) 2005 Tohoku University Medical Press.C1 Pamukkale Univ, Fac Med, Dept Gen Surg, Denizli, Turkey.Pamukkale Univ, Fac Med, Dept Surg, Denizli, Turkey.Pamukkale Univ, Fac Sci Art, Dept Chem, Denizli, Turkey